Crises of Regional Cooperation in South Asia

1 Ronald S. David et al., Prospects and Problems of Cooperation Among Small Nations in Southeast Asia (Colombo: Marga Institute, 1980), pp. 4-7.

2 W. Howard Wriggins with F. Gregory Gause, Terrence P. Lyons & Evelyn Colbert, Dynamics of Regional Politics: Four Systems on the Indian Ocean Rim (New York: Columbia University Press, 1992), p. 132.

3 Here, the term `crises' denotes the core politico-economic and security issues that created political hostility, prevented intraregional economic interdependence and led the major South Asian countries toward arms-building competition, which eventually constrained regional cooperation.

4 Leo E. Rose, `India's Regional Policy: Non-Military Dimensions', in Stephen Cohen, ed., The Security of South Asia: American and Asian Perspectives (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1987), pp. 20-21; Barry Buzan & Gowher Rizvi, South Asian Security and the Great Powers (London: Macmillan, 1986), p. 118.

5 Saleem Kidwai, `U.S. Approach to Kargil: No Paradigm Shift in South Asia Policy', Journal of Peace Studies, vol. 6, no. 3, May-June 1999, pp. 9-23, on p. 9.

6 François Heisbourg, `The Prospects for Nuclear Stability Between India and Pakistan', Survival, vol. 40, no. 4, Winter 1998-99, pp. 77-92, on p. 84.

7 Amit Gupta, `Nuclear Forces in South Asia: Prospects for Arms Control', Security Dialogue, vol. 30, no. 3, September 1999, pp. 319-330, on p. 319.

8 N. Islam Nazem, `Indo-Bangladesh Common Rivers and Water Diplomacy', Bangladesh Institute of International and Strategic Studies (BIISS) Journal, vol. 7, no. 5, December 1986, pp. 1-25, on p. 11.

9 Gowher Rizvi, `The Role of the Smaller States in the South Asian Complex', in Barry Buzan & Gowher Rizvi, South Asian Security and the Great Powers (London: Macmillan, 1986), pp. 127-156, on p. 135.

10 Zaglul Haider, `The Changing Patterns of Bangladesh Foreign Policy: A Comparative Study of Mujib and Zia Regimes (1971-1981)', unpublished PhD dissertation, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA, July 1995, p. 108.

11 Partha S. Ghosh, Cooperation and Conflict in South Asia (Dhaka: UPL, 1989), p. 87.

12 Rafiqul Islam, `The Effects of the Farakkah Barrage on Bangladesh and International Law', Bangladesh Institute of International and Strategic Studies (BIISS) Journal, vol. 5, no. 3, July 1984, pp. 250-273, on p. 253.

13 Shaukat Hassan, `Environmental Issues and Security in South Asia', Adelphi Papers (International Institute for Strategic Studies), no. 262, 1991, p. 51; Ashok Swain, `Displacing the Conflict: Environmental Destruction in Bangladesh and Ethnic Conflict in India', Journal of Peace Research, vol. 33, no. 2, May 1996, pp. 189-204, on p. 192.

14 Daily Ittefaq, 13 December 1996. For an analysis of the agreement, see News Letter (Regional Centre for Strategic Studies, Colombo), vol. 3, no. 1, January 1998.

15 Daily Star (Dhaka), 13 December 1996.

16 The Weekly Jai Jai Din, no. 27, 15 April 1997; Amzad Hossain Khan, `Ganges Water Treaty: Analysis of First Year Implementation', Daily Star, 28 May 1997.

17 See leading water resource expert Ainun Nishat's interview with Dainik Sangbad, 5 April 1997.

18 Radha Kumar, `Who Is a Refugee?', Seminar, no. 463, March 1998, pp. 4-7, on p. 16.

19 Information released by the International Red Crescent Society, Bangladesh.

20 Ishtiaq Hossain, `Bangladesh-India Relations: Issues and Problems', in Emajuddin Ahamad, ed., Foreign Policy of Bangladesh (Dhaka: UPL, 1984), pp. 40-41.

21 Interview with a relevant officer of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Dhaka.

22 In a protest note to India, Sri Lanka officially accused the state government of Tamil Nadu of helping the Tamil separatists. For the text, see Sunday Observer (Colombo), 2 March 1986; see also interview with President Jaye Wardens, India Today, New Delhi, 15 December 1985, p. 38.

23 Indo-Sri Lanka Agreement to Establish Peace and Normalcy in Sri Lanka of 29 July 1987 (New Delhi: External Publicity Division, Ministry of External Affairs, 1987); Mohammad Humayun Kabir, `The “India Factor” in Sri Lanka's Foreign and Security Policy', Research Monograph No. 1 (Colombo: Bandernaike Centre for International Studies, 1996), p. 53.

24 Shelton U. Kodikara, `The Indo-Sri Lanka Agreement of July 1987: Retrospect', in Shelton U. Kodikara, ed., South Asian Strategic Issues: Sri Lankan Perspectives (New Delhi: Sage, 1990), pp. 155-166, on p. 161; Urmila Phadnis, `Imperatives of Indo-Sri Lanka Accord', Times of India (New Delhi), 22 June 1987.

25 Kingsley M. de Silva, `Conflict Resolution in South Asia', in Luc van de Goor et al., eds, Between Development and Destruction: An Enquiry into the Causes of Conflict in Post-Colonial States (London: Macmillan, 1996), p. 315.

26 Shaheen Akhter, `Geo-Strategic Dynamics of Indo-Sri Lanka Relations', Research Monograph No. 2 (Colombo: Bandernaike Centre for International Studies, 1996), p. 53.

27 de Silva (note 25 above), p. 314.

28 Shaheen Akhter, `India and South Asia: An Analysis of Hegemonial Relationship', Regional Studies, vol. xi, no. 3, 1996, pp. 60-89, on p. 77.

29 Rana Kant, `Nepal's Foreign Policy and China', India Quarterly, vol. XXVI, no. 3, July-September 1971, on p. 442.

30 Leo E. Rose, `Indian Foreign Relations: Reassessing Basic Policies', in Marshall M. Bouton & Philip Oldenbur, eds, India Briefing 1990 (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1990), p. 53.

31 Devin T. Hagerty, `Indian Regional Security Doctrine', Asian Survey, vol. XXXL, no. 4, April 1991, pp. 351-363, on p. 361.

32 Bhim Subba, Himalayan Waters (Kathmandu: Panos Institute, 2001), pp. 192-198.

33 Ibid.

34 Dipak Gyawali, Water in Nepal (Kathmandu: Himal, 2001), p. 53.

35 Akhter (note 28 above), p. 79.

36 Zaglul Haider, `Indian Hegemony and the Security of Bangladesh: SAARC Perspective', Journal of Bangladesh Political Science Association, vol. 3, no. 1, 1990, pp. 223-242, on p. 234.

37 Akhter (note 28 above), pp. 81-82.

38 Chitra K. Tiwari, `India's Northern Security and the Himalayan States', Asian Profile, vol. 14, no. 5, August 1986, on p. 442.

39 Rehman Sobhan, `Political Dimensions of South Asian Cooperation: The Perspective for Bangladesh', Research Report No. 75, Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies, 1988.

40 Kishore C. Dash, `The Political Economy of Regional Cooperation in South Asia', Pacific Affairs, vol. 69, no. 2, Summer 1996, pp. 185-209, on p. 206.

41 Daily Star, 12, 14, 29 and 31 May 1998.

42 Talukder Maniruzzaman, Bangladesher Rajnity, Sangkat O Bishlation [Bangladesh Politics, Crises and Analyses] (Dhaka: Bangladesh Cooperative Books Society, 2001), p. 89.

43 George Perkovich, `A Nuclear Third Way in South Asia', Foreign Policy, no. 91, Summer 1993, pp. 85-104, on p. 85.

44 Amitabh Mattoo, `India's Nuclear Status Quo', Survival, vol. 38, no. 3, Autumn 1996, pp. 41-57, on p. 51.

45 Thomas Blau, `Small Nuclear Forces in South Asia', in Rodney W. Jones, Small Nuclear Forces and U.S. Security Policy (Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath, 1984), on p. 83.

46 Iftekharuzzaman, `Good Governance and Defense Spending in South Asia: Analyzing Policy Implications', paper presented at the international seminar `Governance and Development: South Asia in the 21st Century', organized by BIISS, Dhaka, 21-23 December 1996.

47 SIPRI Yearbook 2000 (Stockholm: Oxford University Press, 2000), Table 5.1, p. 234.

48 Ibid,. p. 243.

49 Ibid.

50 Dash (note 40 above), p. 206.

51 Gerald Schneider & Lars-Erik Cederman, `The Change of Tide in Political Cooperation: A Limited Information Model of European Integration', International Organization, vol. 48, no. 4, Autumn 1994, pp. 633-662, on pp. 636-638.