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References
1.
1 In this article, Congo refers to the Democratic Republic of the Congo. When referring to the period 1971-97, I use Zaire, the country's official name at the time.
2.
2 Charles Tilly, `Contentious Politics and Social Change', African Studies , vol. 56, no. 1, 1997, pp. 51-66, on p. 56.
3.
3 Ibid.
4.
4 John F. Clark, `The Nature and Evolution of the State in Zaire', Studies in Comparative International Development , vol. 32, no. 4, Winter 1998, pp. 3-23.
5.
5 Adam Hochschild, King Leopold's Ghost (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1998), p. 225.
6.
6 Michael Schatzberg, `Beyond Mobutu: Kabila and the Congo', Journal of Democracy , vol. 8, no. 4, October 1997, pp. 70-84, on p. 72.
7.
7 Tukumbi Lumumba-Kasongo, Nationalistic Ideologies, Their Policy Implications and the Struggle for Democracy in African Politics (Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen, 1991), p. 47.
8.
8 John Mukum Mbaku, `The Relevance of the State in African Development: Preparing for the New Century', Journal of Asian and African Studies , vol. XXXIV, no. 3, 1999, pp. 298-320, on p. 317.
9.
9 Thomas M. Callaghy, The State-Society Struggle: Zaire in Comparative Perspective (New York: Columbia University Press, 1984).
10.
10 Ibid., p. 6.
11.
11 Clark (note 4 above), p. 8.
12.
12 I. William Zartman, ed., Collapsed States: The Disintegration and Restoration of Legitimate Authority (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1995), p. 9.
13.
13 Peter Evans, `Predatory, Developmental, and Other Apparatuses: A Comparative Political Economy Perspective on the Third World State', Sociological Forum , vol. 4, no. 4, 1989), pp. 561-587, on p. 562.
14.
14 Peter Evans, Embedded Autonomy: States and Industrial Transformation (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995), p. 12.
15.
15 Schatzberg (note 6 above), p. 76.
16.
16 Evans (note 13 above), p. 571.
17.
17 Emizet N. Kisangani, `Political Cleavages in a Democratizing Society: The Case of Congo (formerly Zaire)', Comparative Political Studies , vol. 32, no. 2, April 1999, pp. 185-228, on p. 222.
18.
18 Celestin Monga, `Eight Problems with African Politics', Journal of Democracy , vol. 8, no. 3, July 1997, pp. 185-228, on p. 157.
19.
19 Robert Fatton Jr., `The State of African Studies and Studies of the African State: The Theoretical Softness of the `Soft State', Journal of Asian and African Studies , vol. XXIV, no. 3-4, 1989, pp. 170-187, on p. 176.
20.
20 Clark (note 4 above), p. 15.
21.
21 Carole J. L. Collins, `The Congo is Back', Review of African Political Economy , no. 72, 1997, pp. 277-292, on p. 278.
22.
22 Kisangani (note 17 above), p. 186.
23.
23 Tilly (note 2 above).
24.
24 Ibid., p. 64.
25.
25 Ibid., p. 64.
26.
26 Collins (note 21 above), p. 279.
27.
27 Carole J. L. Collins, `Congo/Ex-Zaire: Through the Looking Glass', Review of African Political Economy , no. 175, 1998, pp. 112-123, on p. 118.
28.
28 Tilly (note 2 above), p. 64.
29.
29 Filip Reyntjens, `Briefing: The Second Congo War: More Than a Remake', African Affairs , vol. 98, 1999, pp. 241-250, on p. 245.
30.
30 Ibid., p. 248.
31.
31 David Shearer, `Lines on a Map', The World Today , November 1998, p. 294.
32.
32 Tilly (note 2 above), p. 64.
33.
33 Ibid.
34.
34 IRIN News Briefs, Weekly Round-up of Great Lakes Region, 21 July 2000.
35.
35 Human Rights Watch, Eastern Congo Ravaged: Killing Civilians and Silencing Protest , vol. 12, no. 3 (A), May 2000.