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References
1.
1 NATO Information and Press, 14 October 1999.
2.
2 `Shared Values As Much Worth Defending As Territory', speech delivered by Ambassador Alexander Vershbow at the Marshall Center, Garmisch, Germany, 30 July 1999.
3.
3 Quoted in Washington Post , 23 September 1999, p. A28.
4.
4 Quoted in Barton Gellman, `The Path to Crisis: How the United States and Its Allies Went to War', Washington Post , 18 April 1999, p. A1.
5.
5 Gellman (note 4 above).
6.
6 Mark Heinrich, `Is Kosovo Intervention More Bark than Bite?', Reuters, 7 August 1998.
7.
7 William Drozdiak, `Analysis: New Challenges Facing 50-Year-Old NATO', Washington Post , 24 March 1999, p. A23.
8.
8 Michael Dobbs, `After the Bombs Fall, What Next? Concern Raised About Alternatives if Belgrade Refuses to Yield', Washington Post , 24 May 1999, p. A1.
9.
9 Dana Priest, `The Battle Inside Headquarters', Washington Post , 21 September 1999, A1.
10.
10 For further discussion, see Bradley Graham, `Joint Chiefs Doubted Air Strategy', Washington Post , 5 April 1999, p. A1.
11.
11 Craig R. Whitney & Eric Schmitt, `NATO Had Signs its Strategy Would Fail in Kosovo', New York Times , 1 April 1999. This perspective was confirmed in off-the-record comments of US officials in April and May 1999.
12.
12 Based on interviews with US Department of Defense officials, summer 1999.
13.
13 William Drozdiak, `NATO General Predicts Victory in Two Months', Washington Post , 24 May 1999, p. A1.
14.
14 Interview with Secretary of State Madeleine Albright', Online Newshour , 24 March 1999.
15.
15 American officials indicated that much of their attention in the days before the Washington meeting focused on the distraction of persuading French President Jacques Chirac to attend. Based on interviews with US officials, June 1999.
16.
16 Edward Luttwak, `Give War a Chance', Foreign Affairs , vol. 78, no. 4, July / August 1999, p. 41.
17.
17 `Britain Says NATO Summit Not Venue for Troop Talks', Reuters, 22 April 1999. This was an interesting perspective because the NATO leaders were meeting in a ministerial session of the NAC.
18.
18 This decision was authorized at the Washington Summit. However, it was not necessary to have a heads-of-state meeting to take that decision.
19.
19 Steven Erlanger, `NATO Was Closer to Ground War in Kosovo Than is Widely Realized', New York Times , 7 November 1999, p. A4.
20.
20 Priest (note 9 above).
21.
21 Steven Erlanger, `Chaos and Intolerance Prevailing in Kosovo Despite U.N.'s Efforts', New York Times , 22 November 1999, p. A1.
22.
22 Technically, NATO has not made this commitment. Nevertheless, the perception exists in the region and thus has political implications within these countries.
23.
23 Quoted in Jeffrey Simon, `NATO Enlargement: Crossing the Rubicon', in S. Victor Papacosma, Sean Kay & Mark Rubin, eds, NATO after Fifty (Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, forthcoming 2000).
24.
24 This conclusion is based on interviews with NATO and US officials.
25.
25 John Morrison, `NATO Offers Security Umbrella to Balkans', Reuters, 25 April 1999.
26.
26 At the Washington Summit, NATO approved a Membership Action Plan to help applicants qualify for membership. NATO will annually assess progress. However, there is insufficient staff expertise in NATO to provide thorough annual reviews. Subsequently, NATO is likely to praise efforts, but not to supply hard-hitting advice that aspirants need.
27.
27 Randall Mikkelsen, `Clinton Leaves Door Open for Bulgaria in NATO', Reuters, 22 November 1999.
28.
28 David Phinney, `NATO's Future is Now', ABC News , 23 April 1999.
29.
29 `Doctrine of the International Community: Remarks by British PM Tony Blair', Economic Club of Chicago, 22 April 1999.
30.
30 The Alliance's Strategic Concept, Washington, DC, 24 April 1999.
31.
31 The Washington Declaration, signed and issued by the Heads of State and Government Participating in the Meeting of the North Atlantic Council in Washington, DC, on 23 and 24 April 1999.
32.
32 Statement by NATO Secretary General Dr. Javier Solana, NATO Summit, Washington, DC, 24 April 1999.
33.
33 Speech by Javier Solana at the XVIth International NATO Workshop, Budapest, Hungary, 21 June 1999.
34.
34 US Mission to NATO, Security Digest , no. 125, US Ambassador Vershbow's speech on NATO After Kosovo, 30 June 1999.
35.
35 The Washington Treaty, 4 April 1949.
36.
36 US Department of State, `Turkey Country Report on Human Rights Practices for 1998', 26 February 1999.
37.
37 Ibid.
38.
38 The Alliance's Strategic Concept.
39.
39 Randall Palmer, `Havel Says Rights Must Trump Sovereignty in Kosovo', Reuters, 29 April 1999.
40.
40 Chris Layne & Benjamin Schwarz, `For the Record', The National Interest , no. 57, Fall 1999, p. 10.
41.
41 See Wall Street Journal , 5 November 1999, p. A1.
42.
42 Fox News Sunday , 18 April 1999.
43.
43 Ibid.
44.
44 US Department of State, `Fact Sheet Based on Information from US Government Sources', 22 April 1999.
45.
45 US Department of State, `Fact Sheet Based on Information from U.S. Government Sources', 29 April 1999.
46.
46 Quoted on CBS News - Face the Nation , 16 May 1999.
47.
47 Caroline Byrne, `British Team Suspends Kosovo Probe', Associated Press, 18 November 1999.
48.
48 Joseph Fitchett, `A More United Europe Worries About Globalizing NATO', International Herald Tribune , 31 December 1998.
49.
49 Peter James Pielmann, `Italy Mulls Legality of NATO Air War', Associated Press, 22 September 1999.
50.
50 Reuters, 16 November 1999.
51.
51 Javier Solana, Speech to the Bulgarian Parliament, 8 July 1999. NATO Office of Information and Press.
52.
52 William Drozdiak, `Accord Puts NATO in Uncharted Territory', Washington Post , 14 October 1998, p. A23.