Michigan's Continuing Abolition of the Death Penalty and the Conceptual Components of Symbolic Legislation

Abstract

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Adamson, Christopher, R. (1983) 'Punishment after Slavery: Southern State Penal Systems, 1865-1890' Social Problems 30: 555-69.

Adamson, Christopher R. (1984) 'Toward a Marxian Penology: Captive Criminal Populations as Economic Threats and Resources', Social Problems 31: 435-58.

Austin, James and Marci Brown (1989) 'Ranking the Nation's Most Punitive and Costly States', Focus (National Council on Crime and Delinquency, July).

Bedau, Hugo A. (1982) The Death Penalty in America, 3rd edn. New York: Oxford University Press.

Bedau, Hugo A. (1987) Death is Different: Studies in the Morality, Law, and Politics of Capital Punishment. Boston: Northeastern University Press.

Beisel, Nicola (1990) 'Class, Culture, and Campaigns Against Vice in Three American Cities, 1872-1892', American Sociological Review 55: 44-62.

Bennett, Edward W. (1978) 'The Reasons for Michigan's Abolition of Capital Punishment', Michigan History Magazine 62: 42-55.

Boskin, Joseph (1969) Urban Racial Violence in the Twentieth Century . Beverly Hills, CA: Glencoe Press.

Brickley, Lt. Governor James H. (1980) Press Release, (2 February).

10.

Bruxton, R.J. (1973) 'Criminal Law Reform: England', American Journal of Comparative Law 21: 230-44.

11.

Bryant, Barbara (1974-77) Michigan Public Speaks Out on Crime, edns 1-5. Market Opinion Research, commissioned by Michigan Executive Office , Detroit.

12.

Burbey, Louis H. (1938) 'History of Execution in What is Now the State of Michigan', Michigan History Magazine 22: 443-57.

13.

Capeci, Dominic, Jr (1984) Race Relations in Wartime Detroit. Philadelphia: Temple University Press .

14.

' Capital Punishment' (n.d.) unpublished pamphlet, Michigan State Library.

15.

Catholic Weekly (1959) Question Box (7 June).

16.

Clarke, Alan (1987) 'Moral Protest, Status Defence and the Anti-abortion Campaign', British Journal of Sociology 38: 235-53.

17.

Crime in Michigan (1980, 1982, 1985) Detroit: Market Opinion Research.

18.

Department of State (1986) Michigan Interoffice Memo (11 September).

19.

Detroit Free Press (1951) ' Death Penalty Referendum Plans Drawn' (25 Jan.).

20.

Detroit Free Press (1958) 'Tony Chebatoris Failed in All Things - Except Keeping a Date with Hangman ', (28 Dec.).

21.

Detroit Free Press (1960) 'The Age-Old Question - Tooth for a Tooth?' 20 March: 1D, 6D.

22.

Detroit Free Press (1976a) 'Foes Insist Death Penalty No Crime Cure' (11 Dec.).

23.

Detroit Free Press (1976b) 'Legislators, Police Join in Campaign for Death Penalty', (15 Dec.).

24.

Detroit Free Press (1978) 'Police Join Drive for State Vote on Death Penalty' (1 Feb.).

25.

Detroit Free Press (1981) 'U.S. Death Row Population up 20% in a Year' (8 March): 14A.

26.

Detroit Free Press (1982a) 'Slain Trooper's Widow Wears "Fry em" Shirt' (18 March).

27.

Detroit Free Press (1982b) 'Michigan Voters Support Death Penalty, Poll Says' (13 Aug.): 1A, 2A.

28.

Detroit Free Press (1984) 'Capital Punishment and Capital Ambitions' (21 Oct.): 7, 10, 12.

29.

Detroit Free Press (1985a) ' Senate Panel May Call for a Return of Death Row' (27 May): 3A,10A.

30.

Detroit Free Press (1985b) 'Senate Panel OKs Death Penalty' (29 May): 1A, 15A.

31.

Detroit Free Press (1985c) 'Friendship with Killer Broke Every Stereotype' (27 June): 1A, 7A.

32.

Detroit News (1947) 'Death Penalty Up to Senate' (7 May).

33.

Detroit News (1950a) 'Williams Bars Way for Bill to Provide Death for Slayers' (18 June): 1,24.

34.

Detroit News (1950b) 'Petitions "Amaze" Legislator: Demands for Death Penalty Mounting' (22 June): 1, 2.

35.

Detroit News (1951) 'Death Penalty Bill Doomed' (23 Feb.).

36.

Detroit News (1959) 'How One Bandit Died' (27 Jan.).

37.

Detroit News (1964) 'Capital Punishment-State Keeps Eye on Its Slow Death' (27 Dec.): 14C.

38.

Detroit News (1972) 'High Court Leaves Door Open - Slightly: New Capital Punishment Laws?' (30 June).

39.

Detroit News (1973a) 'Death Penalty Bill Fails to Clear House Unit' (6 April).

40.

Detroit News (1973b) 'Petition Drive Underway: Death Penalty Sought in State' (2 Aug.).

41.

Detroit News (1974) 'Capital Punishment Bill Dead' (19 June).

42.

Detroit News (1976a) 'A Hedge on Death Penalty' (28 April).

43.

Detroit News (1976b) 'Gallows Noose Swung Only Twice in Michigan' (6 Dec.) : 3A, 4A.

44.

Detroit News (1978) 'Capital Punishment Gets Backing in Detroit Area' (24 Feb.): 1A, 2A.

45.

Detroit News (1979a) 'Capital Punishment Gnaws at Humanity's Innards' (5 June): 21A.

46.

Detroit News (1979b) 'Dad Wants Tammi's Killers Dead' (21 Aug.).

47.

Detroit News (1980) 'Most in Poll Favor Death Sentence' (17 April): 1B, 8B.

48.

Detroit News (1981a) 'Murder is Murder: Punishment, Yes - Execution, No' (16 March): 11A.

49.

Detroit News (1981b) 'States Deadly Serious - Death Penalty Returns' (16 Sept.): 1A, 8A, 9A.

50.

Detroit News (1982a) 'T-Shirt Backs Death Penalty' (18 March).

51.

Detroit News (1982b) Political cartoon (12 July): 8A.

52.

Detroit News (1982c) 'Rough Sketches' (15 Aug.): 19A.

53.

Detroit News (1982d) 'Board Bars Vote on Death Penalty' (27 Aug.): 1A, 4A.

54.

Detroit News (1983) 'Death Row Population Sets Record' (5 July): 6B.

55.

Detroit News (1984) 'Reaction to Hanging Sent Death Penalty to Gallows' (9 Sept.): 16A.

56.

Detroit News (1985a) 'Foe of Death Penalty Drives Home a Point' (8 June).

57.

Detroit News (1985b) 'Two Opinions on Death Penalty' (15 July).

58.

Dilulio, John J., Jr (1987) Governing Prisons: A Comparative Study of Correctional Management. New York: Free Press.

59.

Edelman, Murray (1964) The Symbolic Uses of Politics. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.

60.

Federal Bureau of Investigation (1983) Uniform Crime Reports US Department of Justice.

61.

Flint Journal (1955) 'Death Penalty Won't Cut Crime Rate, Expert Says' (23 June).

62.

Flint Journal (1980) 'Michigan and the Death Penalty' (6 Jan.): 5B.

63.

Foucault, Michel (1977) Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison . New York: Vintage.

64.

Gongwer News Service (1984) 'Michigan Report', No. 85 (1 May).

65.

Grand Rapids Press (1945) 'Death Penalty Bill Defeated' (7 March).

66.

Gusfield, Joseph R. (1955) 'Social Structure and Moral Reform: A Study of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union', American Journal of Sociology 61: 221-32.

67.

Hagan, John , Edward T. Silva and John H. Simpson (1977) 'Conflict and Consensus in the Designation of Deviance', Social Forces 56: 320-40.

68.

Helfman, Harold M. (1956) 'A Forgotten Aftermath to Michigan's Abolition of Capital Punishment', Michigan History Magazine 40: 203-14.

69.

Ignatieff, Michael (1978) A Just Measure of Pain: The Penitentiary in the Industrial Revolution, 1750-1850 New York: Pantheon.

70.

Kingdon, John W. (1984) Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies. Boston: Little Brown.

71.

Knapp, Austin C. (ed.) (1963) State of Michigan, Constitutional Convention, 1961, Vol. 1. Lansing: State of Michigan.

72.

Kohler, Thomas (1980) Unpublished manuscript, Cooley Law School, Lansing, Michigan.

73.

Lansing State Journal (1931) 'Senate Committee Revamps Foster Death Penalty Bill' (11 Feb.): 1.

74.

Lansing State Journal (1946) 'Capital Punishment Banned in Michigan 100 Years Ago' (11 July).

75.

Lansing State Journal (1952) 'House OK's Death Bill for Felons' (28 May): 1, 2.

76.

Lansing State Journal (1953) 'Death Bill Defeated in House' (12 March): 1, 16.

77.

Lansing State Journal (1957) 'Precedent Set by Michigan Against Death Penalty Gains Prestige' (10 April): 34, 38.

78.

Lansing State Journal (1967) 'Michigan's Latest Attempt: Capital Punishment Again Asked' (1 May): 4A.

79.

Lansing State Journal (1970) 'Angry Senator Stalks Out in Death Penalty Hassle' (6 Feb.).

80.

Lansing State Journal (1972a) 'State has Led Anti-Death Penalty Forces' (3 Feb.).

81.

Lansing State Journal (1972b) 'Great Material for a Nightmare: Viewmg 189 Executions Solidifies Opposition to Capital Punishment' (13 Aug.): 1C, 4C.

82.

Lansing State Journal (1973) 'Comment During Rap Session: Two of Five Lifers Favor Death Penalty' (10 April): 6B.

83.

Lansing State Journal (1974a) 'Death Penalty Pushed' (14 Jan.): 1B, 4B.

84.

Lansing State Journal (1974b) 'Hanging Never Popular in State' (14 Jan.): 4B.

85.

Lansing State Journal (1975) 'Death Penalty Gaining Favor' (29 March).

86.

Lansing State Journal (1977) 'Detroit Bar Owner's Hanging Becomes Death Penalty Symbol' (10 March): 10B.

87.

Lansing State Journal (1979) 'New Death Penalty Petition Drive is Getting Organized' (5 Nov.).

88.

Lansing State Journal (1980) 'Ex-Death Row Inmate Fights Death Sentence' (15 June): 1A.

89.

Lansing State Journal (1982) 'Death Amendment Killed: Patterson' (30 Sept.): 6B.

90.

Lansing State Journal (1985a) 'State Republican Delegates Vote to Back Death Penalty, 1,274-310' (17 Feb.): 1A, 4A.

91.

Lansing State Journal (1985b) 'State Bar Says No to Death Penalty' (12 May).

92.

Lincoln, James H. (1987) 'The Everlasting Controversy: Michigan and the Death Penalty', Wayne State Law Review 33: 1765-90.

93.

Lee, Alfred McClung and Norman Daymond Humphrey (1943) Race Riot . New York: Dryden Press .

94.

Martin, John Barlow (1954) Break Down the Walls. New York: Ballantine.

95.

McGarrell, Edmund F. and Timothy J. Flanagan (eds) (1985) Sourcebook of Criminal Statistics; 1984. Albany, NY: Hindelang Criminal Justice Research Center .

96.

Michigan Catholic Conference (1985) 'The Death Penalty: A Discussion Guide', Lansing : Michigan.

97.

Michigan Chamber of Commerce (1980) 'Executive Report. Should Michigan Bring Back the Death Penalty? ' (7 April): 6, 7.

98.

Orland, Leonard (1975) Prisons: Houses of Darkness. New York: Free Press.

99.

Page, Ann L. and Donald A. Clelland (1978) 'The Kanawha County Textbook Controversy: A Study of Life Style Concern', Social Forces 57: 265-81.

100.

Platt, Tony and Paul Takagi (1977) 'Intellectuals for Law and Order: A Critique of the New Realists', Crime and Social Justice 8: 1-16.

101.

Rusche, Georg and Otto Kirchheimer (1939) Punishment and Social Structure . New York: Columbia University Press.

102.

Saginaw News (1980) 'Let's Keep Michigan Civilized' (17 Feb.).

103.

Tuchman, Gaye (1978) Making News: A Study in the Construction of Reality . New York: Free Press .

104.

United Auto Workers (1977) Legislative Program.

105.

United States Department of Commerce (1947-86 ) Statistical Abstracts of the United States, 68th to 106th edition.

106.

United States Department of Commerce (1975 ) Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970, Part 1. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.

107.

United States Department of Justice (1981) Capital Punishment, 1980. Bureau of Justice Statistics, Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.

108.

United States Department of Justice (1992) Capital Punishment, 1991. Bureau of Justice Statistics, Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.

109.

Wood, Michael and Michael Hughes (1984) 'The Moral Basis of Moral Reform: Status Discontent vs. Culture and Socialization as Explanations of Anti-pornography Social Movement Adherence' , American Sociological Review 49: 86-99.

110.

Widick, J.B. (1972) Detroit: City of Race and Class Violence. Chicago: Quadrangle Books.

111.

Zimring, Franklin E. and Gordon Hawkins (1986) Capital Punishment and the American Agenda . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press .