The Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives (WISDM) assesses 13 theoretically derived dimensions of smoking motivation. These 13 subscales were intended to index comprehensively the severity of tobacco dependence and provide insight into the disorder. Recent studies indicate that four subscales (Automaticity, Craving, Loss of Control, and Tolerance) represent the core features of tobacco dependence, and these have been dubbed the primary dependence motives (PDM). The remaining nine subscales, the secondary dependence motives (SDM), may be clinically relevant but index nonessential or auxiliary features of dependence.
American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed). Washington, DC: Author.
2.
BakerT.B.PiperM.E.McCarthyD.E.BoltD.M.SmithS.S.KimS.-Y. (2007). Time to first cigarette in the morning as an index of ability to quit smoking: Implications for nicotine dependence. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 9(Suppl. 4):S555–S570.
3.
BakerT.B.WeissR.B.BoltD.von NiederhausernA.FioreM.C.DunnD.M. (2009). Human neuronal acetylcholine receptor A5-A3-B4 haplotypes are associated with multiple nicotine dependence phenotypes. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 11, 785–796.
4.
CannonD.S.BakerT.B.PiperM.E.ScholandM.B.LawrenceD.L.DraynaD.T. (2005). Associations between phenylthiocarbamide gene polymorphisms and cigarette smoking. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 7, 853–858.
5.
EverittB.J.RobbinsT.W. (2005). Neural systems of reinforcement of drug addiction: From actions to habits to compulsion. Nature Neuroscience, 8, 1481–1489.
6.
HeathertonT.F.KozlowskiL.T.FreckerR.C.Fagerström K.O. (1991). The Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence: A revision of the Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire. British Journal of Addiction, 86, 1119–1127.
7.
JapuntichS.JPiperM.E.SchlamT.R.BoltD.M.BakerT.B. (2009). Do smokers know what we’re talking about? The construct validity of nicotine dependence questionnaire items. Psychological Assessment, 21, 595–607.
8.
PiaseckiT.M.PiperM.E.BakerT.B. (2010). Refining the tobacco dependence phenotype using the Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives. II: Evidence from a laboratory self-administration assay. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 119, 513–523.
9.
PiaseckiT.M.RichardsonA.E.SmithS.M. (2007). Self-monitored motives for smoking among college students. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 21, 328–337.
10.
PiperM.E.BoltD.M.KimS.JapuntichS.J.SmithS.S.NiederdeppeJ. (2008). Refining the tobacco dependence phenotype using the Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117, 747–761.
11.
PiperM.E.McCarthyD.E.BakerT.B. (2006). Assessing tobacco dependence: A guide to measure evaluation and selection. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 8, 339–351.
12.
PiperM.E.PiaseckiT.M.FedermanE.B.BoltD.M.SmithS.S.FioreM.C.BakerT.B. (2004). A multiple motives approach to tobacco dependence: The Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives (WISDM-68). Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72, 139–154.
13.
ShiffmanS. (1993). Assessing smoking patterns and motives. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 732–742.
14.
TiffanyS.T. (1990). A cognitive model of drug urges and drug-use behavior: Role of automatic and nonautomatic processes. Psychological Review, 97, 147–168.
15.
WeissR.B.BakerT.B.CannonD.S.Von NiederhausernA.DunnD.M.MatsunamiN. (2008). A candidate gene approach identifies the CHRNA5-A3-B4 region as a risk factor for age-dependent nicotine addiction. PLoS Genetics, 4, e10000125.
