The framing of issues in the mass media plays a crucial role in the public understanding of science and technology. This article contributes to research concerned with the analysis of media frames over time by making an analytical distinction between implicit and explicit media frames, and by introducing an automated method for the analysis of implicit frames. In particular, we apply a semantic maps method to a case study on the newspaper debate about artificial sweeteners, published in the New York Times between 1980 and 2006. Our results show that the analysis of semantic changes enables us to filter out the dynamics of implicit frames, and to detect emerging metaphors in public debates. Theoretically, we discuss the relation between implicit frames in public debates and the codification of meaning and information in scientific discourses, and suggest further avenues for research interested in the automated analysis of frame changes and trends in public debates.
Ahlgren, P., Jarneving, B. and Rousseau, R. ( 2003) "Requirement for a Cocitation Similarity Measure, with Special Reference to Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient," Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology54(6): 550-60.
2.
Angier, N. ( 2000) "Who is Fat? It Depends on Culture," New York Times 7 November.
3.
Anonymous (1970) "FDA Extends Ban on Cyclamates," Science169(3949): 962.
4.
Bar-Hillel, Y. ( 1955) "An Examination of Information Theory," Philosophy of Science22(2): 86-105.
5.
Benford, R.D. and Snow, D. ( 2000) "Framing Processes and Social Movements: An Overview and Assessment," Annual Review of Sociology26: 11-39.
6.
Berelson, B. ( 1952) Content Analysis in Communication Research. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
7.
Bernstein, B. ( 1971) Class, Codes and Control, Vol. 1: Theoretical Studies in the Sociology of Language. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
8.
Bright, G. ( 1999) "Low-Calorie Sweeteners: From Molecules to Mass Markets," in A. Corti (ed.) Low-Calorie Sweeteners: Present and Future. World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics, Vol. 85, pp. 3-9.
9.
Burt, R.S. ( 1982) Toward a Structural Theory of Action. New York: Academic Press.
10.
Callon, M., Courtial, J.-P., Turner, W.A. and Bauin, S. ( 1983) "From Translations to Problematic Networks: An Introduction to Co-Word Analysis," Social Science Information22: 191-235.
11.
Callon, M., Law, J. and Rip, A. (eds) (1986) Mapping the Dynamics of Science and Technology. London: Macmillan.
Chilton, I. and Ilyin, M. ( 1993) "Metaphor in Political Discourse: The Case of the ‘Common European House,’" Discourse and Society4(1): 7-31.
14.
Dawson, J. ( 2007) "Semantics of Artificial Sweeteners," Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Science & Technology Studies, University of Amsterdam.
15.
Downs, A. ( 1972) "Up and Down with Ecology: The Issue Attention Cycle," The Public Interest28(2): 38-50.
16.
Durant, J. (ed.) (1992) Biotechnology in Public. London: Science Museum .
17.
Edelstein, A.S. ( 1993) "Thinking about the Criterion Variable in Agenda-Setting Research," Journal of Communication43(2): 85-99.
18.
Egghe, L. and Leydesdorff, L. ( 2009) "The Relation between Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient r and Salton’s Cosine Measure,"Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology60(5): 1027-36.
19.
Entman, R.M. ( 1993) "Framing: Toward Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm ," Journal of Communication43(4): 51-8.
20.
FDA (1973) Federal Register38: 5921 (5 March).
21.
FDA (1998) "Food Additives Permitted for Direct Addition to Food for Human Consumption; Sucralose," Federal Register63(64): 16417-33. URL: http://www.foodsafety.gov/~lrd/fr980403.html
22.
Gamson, W.A. and Modigliani, A. ( 1989) "Media Discourse and Public Opinion on Nuclear Power: A Constructionist Approach," American Journal of Sociology95(1): 1-37.
23.
Gaskell, G. M. and Bauer, M. (eds) (2000) Biotechnology 1996-2000: The Years of Controversy. London: Science Museum.
24.
Giddens, A. ( 1984) The Constitution of Society: Outline of the Theory of Structuration. Cambridge: Polity .
25.
Hellsten, I. ( 2002) The Politics of Metaphor: Biotechnology and Biodiversity in the Media. Acta Universitatis Tamperensis; 876. Tampere: Tampere University Press. Partly available online at: http://acta.uta.fi/pdf/951-44-5380-8.pdf
26.
Hesse, M. ( 1980) Revolutions and Reconstructions in the Philosophy of Science . London: Harvester Press.
27.
Ijiri, Y. and Simon, H.A. ( 1977) Skew Distributions and the Sizes of Business Firms . Amsterdam: North Holland.
28.
Ishii, H. ( 1981) "Incidence of Brain Tumors in Rats Fed Aspartame ," Toxicological Letters7(6): 433-7.
29.
Jones, W.P. and Furnas, G.W. ( 1987) "Pictures of Relevance: A Geometric Analysis of Similarity Measures," Journal of the American Society for Information Science36(6): 420-42.
30.
Kamada, T. and Kawai, S. ( 1989) "An Algorithm for Drawing General Undirected Graphs ," Information Processing Letters31(1): 7-15.
31.
Klein, H. ( 1991) "INTEXT/PC: A Program Package for the Analysis of Texts in the Humanities and Social Sciences," Literary and Linguistic Computing6(2): 108-11.
32.
Krippendorff, K. ( 1980) Content Analysis: An Introduction to its Methodology . Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
33.
Kruskal, J.B. and Wish, M. ( 1978) Multidimensional Scaling. Beverly Hills, CA: SAGE.
34.
Law, J. and Lodge, P. ( 1984) Science for Social Scientists. London : Macmillan.
35.
Lawrence, R. ( 2004) "Framing Obesity: The Evolution of News Discourse on a Public Health Issue," Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics9(3): 56-75.
36.
Leydesdorff, L. ( 1989) "Words and Co-Words as Indicators of Intellectual Organization ," Research Policy18: 209-23.
37.
Leydesdorff, L. ( 1995) The Challenge of Scientometrics: The Development, Measurement, and Self-Organization of Scientific Communications. Leiden : DSWO Press, Leiden University. URL: http://www.universal-publishers.com/book.php?method=ISBNandbook=1581126816
38.
Leydesdorff, L. ( 1997) "Why Words and Co-Words Cannot Map the Development of the Sciences," Journal of the American Society for Information Science48(5): 418-27.
39.
Leydesdorff, L. ( 2001) A Sociological Theory of Communication: The Self-Organization of the Knowledge-Based Society. Parkland, FL: Universal Publishers/uPublish.com. URL: http://www.upublish.com/books/leydesdorff.htm
40.
Leydesdorff, L. and Hellsten, I. ( 2005) "Metaphors and Diaphors in Science Communication: Mapping the Case of Stem-Cell Research," Science Communication27(1): 64-99.
41.
Leydesdorff, L. and Hellsten, I. ( 2006) "Measuring the Meanings of Words in Contexts: Automated Analysis of ‘Monarch Butterflies,’ ‘Frankenfoods’ and ‘Stem Cells,’" Scientometrics67(2): 231-58.
42.
Leydesdorff, L. and Schank, T. ( 2008) "Dynamic Animations of Journal Maps: Indicators of Structural Change and Interdisciplinary Developments," Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology59(11): 1810-18.
43.
Leydesdorff, L. and Vaughan, L. ( 2006) "Co-Occurrence Matrices and their Applications in Information Science: Extending ACA to the Web Environment," Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology57(12): 1616-28.
44.
Leydesdorff, L., Schank, T., Scharnhorst, A. and De Nooy, W. ( 2008) "Animating the Development of Social Networks over Time Using a Dynamic Extension of Multidimensional Scaling," El Profesional de Información17(6): 611-26.
45.
Lien, M. E. and Nerlich, B. (eds) (2004) The Politics of Food. Oxford and Washington, DC: Berg.
46.
Lucio-Arias, D. and Leydesdorff, L. ( 2007) "Knowledge Emergence in Scientific Communication: From ‘Fullerenes’ to ‘Nanotubes,’" Scientometrics70(3): 603-32.
47.
Luhmann, N. ( 1984) Soziale Systeme. Grundriß einer allgemeinen Theorie . Frankfurt a. M.: Suhrkamp .
48.
Luhmann, N. ( 1995) Social Systems. Stanford, CA : Stanford University Press.
49.
Mazur, R. ( 1984) "Discovery of Aspartame," in L. D. Stegink and L. J. Filer (eds) Aspartame: Physiology and Biochemistry , pp. 3-10. Boca Raton, FL : CRC Books.
50.
Mazur, R., Schlatter, J. and Goldkamp, A. ( 1969) "Structure-Taste Relationships of Some Dipeptides ," Journal of the American Chemical Society91(10): 2684-91.
51.
Nestle, M. ( 2002) Food Politics: How the Food Industry Influences Nutrition and Health. Berkeley: California University Press.
52.
Nisbet, M. and Huge, M. ( 2006) "Attention Cycles and Frames in the Plant Biotechnology Debate," Press/Politics11(2): 3-40.
53.
Nisbet, M. and Lewenstein, B. ( 2002) "Biotechnology and the American Media," Science Communication23(4): 359-91.
54.
Nisbet, M.C. and Mooney, C. ( 2007) "Reply: The Risks and Advantages of Framing Science ," Science317(5842): 1169-70.
55.
Olney, J.W., Farber, N.B., Spitznagel, E. and Robins, L.N. ( 1996) "Increasing Brain Cancer Rates: Is there a Link to Aspartame? ," Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology55(11): 1115-23.
56.
Salton, G. and McGill, M.J. ( 1983) Introduction to Modern Information Retrieval. Auckland: McGraw-Hill.
57.
Scheufele, D.A. ( 1999) "Framing as a Theory of Media Effects," Journal of Communication49(1): 103-22.
58.
Scheufele, D.A. ( 2006) "Messages and Heuristics: How Audiences Form Attitudes about Emerging Technologies," in J. Turney (ed.) Engaging Science: Thought, Deeds, Analysis and Action . Wellcome Trust. URL: http://www.wellcome.ac.uk/stellent/groups/corporatesite/@msh_publishing_group/documents/web_document/wtx033010.pdf
59.
Scheufele, D.A. and Tewksbury, D. ( 2007) "Framing, Agenda Setting, and Priming: The Evolution of Three Media Effects Models," Journal of Communication57(1): 9-20.
60.
Schiffman, S.S., Reynolds, M.L. and Young, F.W. ( 1981) Introduction to Multidimensional Scaling: Theory, Methods, and Applications. New York: Academic Press.
Thelwall, M. and Hellsten, I. ( 2006) "The BBC, Telegraph and Wikinews Timelines of the London Attacks: A Comparison with Contemporary Discussions," Information Research12(1): paper 84. URL: http://InformationR.net/ir/12-1/paper284.html
63.
Thelwall, M., Prabowo, R. and Fairclough, R. ( 2006a) "Are Raw RSS Feeds Suitable for Broad Issue Scanning? A Science Concern Case Study," Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology57(12): 1644-54.
64.
Thelwall, M., Vann, K. and Fairclough, R. ( 2006b) "Web Issue Analysis: An Integrated Water Resource Management Case Study," Journal of the American Society for information Science and Technology57(10): 1303-14.
65.
Wasserman, S. and Faust, K. ( 1994) Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
