Science Communication: A Contemporary Definition

and Benoit Godin and Yves Gingras, `What is scientific and technological culture and how is it measured? A multidimensional model,' Public Understanding of Science 9 (2000): 43-58 .

2. Bruce Lewenstein, `Editorial,' Public Understanding of Science 7 (1998): 1-3 .

3 Evaluation Associates, Ltd., Defining Our Terms ( Evaluation Associates , cited 9/10/2000), http://www.evaluation.co.uk/pus/pus_dfns.html.

4 Jon D. Miller, `Toward a scientific understanding of the public understanding of science and technology,' Public Understanding of Science 1 (1992): 23-26 .

5 Jean-Marc Levy-Leblond, `About misunderstandings about misunderstandings,' Public Understanding of Science 1 (1992): 17-21 .

6. J.B. Sykes, ed., The Concise Oxford Dictionary, 6th ed. ( Oxford: Oxford University Press , 1980).

7 John K. Gilbert, Susan Stocklmayer, and R. Garnett, `Mental modeling in science and technology centres: what are visitors really doing?' (paper presented at the International Conference on Learning Science in Informal Contexts, Canberra, 1999), 16-32 .

8 American Association of Physics Teachers, `What is science?' American Journal of Physics 67, no. 8 (1999): 659 .

9 American Association for the Advancement of Science, `Science for all Americans,' ( Washington DC: AAAS , 1989).

10 Morris H. Shamos, The Myth of Scientific Literacy ( Brunswick: Rutgers University Press , 1995).

11 ibid

12 Durant and Thomas, `Why should we promote the public understanding of science?'; John R. Durant, Geoffrey A. Evans, and Geoffrey P. Thomas, `The public understanding of science,' Nature 340 (1989): 11-14 .

13 Sykes, ed., The Concise Oxford Dictionary.

Durant and Thomas, `Why should we promote the public understanding of science?'

15 Wynne, `Public understanding of science.'

16. Jane Gregory and Steve Miller, Science in Public: Communication, Culture, and Credibility ( New York: Plenumtrade , 1998).

17 Alsop, `Understanding understanding: a model for the public learning of radioactivity.'

Denis McQuail and Sven Windahl, Communication Models ( Essex: Longman Group Ltd , 1984).

19 Gregory and Miller, Science in Public: Communication, Culture, and Credibility.

20 Bruce V. Lewenstein, `Science and the media,' in The Handbook of Science and Technology Studies, ed. Sheila Jasanoff, et al. ( Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications , 1995), 343-360.

21 Tony Schirato and Susan Yell, Communication and Cultural Literacy: An Introduction ( Sydney: Allen & Unwin , 1997).

22 Susan Stocklmayer, Chris Bryant, and Michael M. Gore, Science Communication in Theory and Practice ( Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers , 2002).

23 Gilbert, Stocklmayer, and Garnett, `Mental modeling in science and technology centres: what are visitors really doing?'

24 Brian Wynne, `Public understanding of science.'

25 House of Lords, `Science and society (Science and Technology - third report),' (London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 2000).

26 Robin Millar, `Towards a science curriculum for public understanding,' School Science Review 77, no. 280 (1996): 7-18 .

Jon Turney, `Public understanding of science,' Lancet (North American Edition) 347 (1996): 1087-1090 .

28 Durant, Evans, and Thomas, `The public understanding of science.'

Stocklmayer, Bryant, and Gore, Science Communication in Theory and Practice.

William Paisley, `Scientific literacy and the competition for public attention and understanding,' Science Communication 20, no. 1 (1998): 70-80 .

Thomas Koballa, Andrew Kemp, and Robert Evans, `The spectrum of scientific literacy: An in-depth look at what it means to be scientifically literate,' The Science Teacher 64, no. 7 (1997): 27-31 .

32 Benjamin S.P. Shen, `Science literacy and the public understanding of science,' in Communication of Scientific Information, ed. Stacey B. Day ( New York: Karger , 1975), 44-52.

33 Jane Maienschein, `Scientific literacy,' Science 281 (1998): 917 .

34 Shen, `Science literacy and the public understanding of science.'

35 Durant, Evans, and Thomas, `The public understanding of science.'

J.D. Miller, `The measurement of civic scientific literacy,' Public Understanding of Science 7 (1998): 203-223 .

Durant, Evans, and Thomas, `The public understanding of science.'

38 Mark W. Hacking, Denis Goodrum, and Leonie J. Rennie, `The state of science in Australian secondary schools,' Australian Science Teachers' Journal 47, no. 4 (2001): 6-17 .

Rakesh Popli, `Scientific literacy for all citizens: different concepts and contents,' Public Understanding of Science 8 (1999): 123-137 .

40 Rudiger C. Laughsch, `Scientific literacy: A conceptual overview,' Science Education 84, no. 1 (2000): 71-94 .

41 Olugbemiro J.Jegede, `School science and the development of scientific culture: a review of contemporary science education in Africa,' International Journal of Science Education 19, no. 1 (1997): 1-20 .

42 Godin and Gingras, `What is scientific and technological culture and how is it measured? A multidimensional model.'

43 Joan Solomon, `School science and the future of scientific culture,' in Science Today. Problem or crisis? eds. Ralph Levinson and Jeff Thomas ( London: Routledge , 1997), 151-162.

44 Robin Batterham, `The chance to change: A discussion paper by the chief scientist,' ( Canberra: Australian commonwealth government , 2000).

UNESCO/DFID, `International workshop on science communication,' ( London: United Nations Educational, Scientific & Cultural Organisation and UK Department For Industrial Development , 2000), 13.

46 House of Lords, `Science and society (Science and Technology - third report).'

Levy-Leblond, `About misunderstandings about misunderstandings.'

48 Steve Miller, `Public understanding of science at the crossroads,' Public Understanding of Science 10 (2001): 115-120 .

Miller, `Scientific literacy: a conceptual and empirical review.'

and Alan G. Gross, `The roles of rhetoric in the public understanding of science,' Public Understanding of Science 3 (1994): 3-23 .

51 Turney, `Public understanding of science.'

52 Paisley, `Scientific literacy and the competition for public attention and understanding.'

Jegede, `School science and the development of scientific culture: a review of contemporary science education in Africa.'

Jenkins, `Public understanding of science and science education for action.'

55 Gross, `The roles of rhetoric in the public understanding of science.'

56 House of Lords, `Science and society (Science and Technology - third report).'

Durant and Thomas, `Why should we promote the public understanding of science?'

58 Office of Science and Technology and Wellcome Trust, `Science and the public: A review of science communication and public attitudes to science in Britain,' ( London : 2000), 137.

59 Chris Bryant, `Does Australia need a more effective policy of Science Communication?,' International Journal of Parasitology in press (2002): 7 .

60 Matthew B. Miles and A. Michael Huberman, Qualitative Data Analysis: A Sourcebook of New Methods ( Newbury Park, CA: Sage , 1984).

and Massimiano Bucchi, `When scientists turn to the public: alternative routes in science communication,' Public Understanding of Science 5 (1996): 375-394 .

62 Koballa, Kemp, and Evans, `The spectrum of scientific literacy: An in-depth look at what it means to be scientifically literate.'

63 ibid.

64 S.M. Stocklmayer and J.K. Gilbert, `New experiences and old knowledge: towards a model for the personal awareness of science and technology,' International Journal of Science Education, in press (2002).

65 Paisley, `Scientific literacy and the competition for public attention and understanding.'

66 Koballa, Kemp, and Evans, `The spectrum of scientific literacy: An in-depth look at what it means to be scientifically literate.'

67 Jean-Marc Levy-Leblond, `About misunderstandings about misunderstandings.'

68 Gilbert, Stocklmayer, and Garnett, `Mental modeling in science and technology centres: what are visitors really doing?'

69 Shamos, The Myth of Scientific Literacy.

70 Koballa, Kemp, and Evans, `The spectrum of scientific literacy: An in-depth look at what it means to be scientifically literate.'

71 psci-com, International list of science communication courses (cited 2002), http://psci-com.org.uk/browse/ypages/370.11.html.

72 J. Wellington in S. Alsop ( 1999), `Newspaper science, school science: friends or enemies,' International Journal of Science Education 13 (1991): 363-372 .

73 ibid.

74 Miller, `Public understanding of science at the crossroads.'

75 Shirley Tyler, Charmaine Ryan, and Christopher Kossen, Communication: A Foundation Course ( Sydney: Prentice Hall , 1999).

76 Batterham, `The chance to change: A discussion paper by the chief scientist.'

77 Jesse Shore, `Chocolates, fireworks, dollars and scents: Chemical informalities' (paper presented at the International conference on learning science in informal contexts, Canberra, 1999), 112-118 .

78 Stocklmayer and Gilbert, `New experiences and old knowledge: towards a model for the personal awareness of science and technology.'

79 Alsop, `Understanding understanding: a model for the public learning of radioactivity.'

80 Jenkins, `Public understanding of science and science education for action.'

81 Editorial, `What is public understanding for?' Nature 374, no. Mar 23, 1995 (1995): 291-292 .

and Mary Ainley and Suzanne Hidi, `Interest and learning: What happens when student interest is aroused?' (paper presented at the student motivations: Directions in theory and practice, Canberra ACT, 2000).

and House of Lords, `Science and society.'

84 Robert Nelson, `The importance of inspiring and generating real interest...,' (Personal communication, Newcastle : 1999).

and A.N. Oppenheim, Questionnaire Design and Attitude Measurement ( London: Pinter Publishers Ltd , 1992).

86 Geoffrey A. Evans, `The relationship between knowledge and attitudes in the public understanding of science in Britain,' Public Understanding of Science 4 (1995): 57-74 .

87 Alsop, `Understanding understanding: a model for the public learning of radioactivity.'

88 ibid.

89 Jonathan Osbourne, `All fired up,' New Scientist, April 3, 1999, 52 .