The spread of clock and calendar time (CCT) from the North Atlantic region to the rest of the world is an understudied phenomenon. The second part of this article, based on anthropological fieldwork, examines the successful localization of CCT in a semi-rural area of Sarawak, in Malaysian Borneo. Before that, the article critically assesses some of the main anthropological studies of time to date, highlighting their inattention to CCT and suggesting that CCT is a subject full of interdisciplinary promise.
Adam, B.
(1994) ‘Perceptions of Time’, in T. Ingold (ed.) Companion Encyclopaedia of Anthropology, pp. 503–526. London: Routledge.
2.
Adam, B.
(1995) Timewatch: The Social Analysis of Time. Cambridge: Polity Press.
3.
Adra, N.
(1993) ‘The “Other” as Viewer: Reception of Western and Arab Televised representations in Rural Yemen’, in P.I. Crawford and S.B. Hafsteinsson (eds) The Construction of the Viewer: Proceedings from Nafa 3, pp. 255–269. Højbjerg: Intervention Press.
4.
Anderson, B.
(1983/1991) Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso.
5.
Attali, J.
(1982) L’histoire du temps. Paris: Fayard.
6.
Dayan, D.
and Katz, E. (1992) Media Events: The Live Broadcasting of History. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
7.
Drackle, D.
(1999) ‘Medienethnologie: eine Option auf die Zukunft’, in W. Kotot and D. Drackle (eds) Wozu Ethnologie?, pp. 261–290. Berlin: DietrichReimer Verlag.
8.
Ejau, A.
(1964) Dilah Tanah. Kuching: Borneo Literature Bureau.
9.
Ejau, A.
(1968) Batu Besundang. Kuching: Borneo Literature Bureau.
10.
Evans-Pritchard, E. E.
(1940) The Nuer. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
11.
Fabian, J.
(1983) Time and the Other: How Anthropology Makes its Object. New York: Columbia University Press.
12.
Gell, A.
(1992) The Anthropology of Time: Cultural Constructions of Temporal Maps and Images. Oxford: Berg.
13.
Geertz, C.
(1973) The Interpretation of Cultures. New York: Basic Books.
14.
Giddens, A.
(1984) The Constitution of Society. Cambridge: Polity Press.
15.
Gingrich, A.
(1994) ‘Time, Ritual and Social Experience’, in K. HastrupandP. Hervik (eds) Social Experience and Anthropological Knowledge, pp. 166–179. London: Routledge.
16.
Ginsburg, F.
(1994) ‘Culture/media: A (Mild) Polemic’, Anthropology Today10(2): 5–15.
17.
Goody, J.
(1997) Representations and Contradictions: Ambivalence towards Images, Theatre, Fiction, Relics and Sexuality. Oxford: Blackwell.
18.
Helliwell, C.
(1993) ‘Good Walls make Bad Neighbours: The Dayak Longhouse as a Community of Voices’, in J. Fox (ed.) Inside Austronesian Houses: Perspectives on Domestic Designs for Living, pp. 44–63. Canberra: Australian National University.
19.
Hobart, M.
(1997) ‘The Missing Subject: Balinese Time and the Elimination of History’, Review of Indonesian and Malaysian Studies31(1): 123–172.
20.
Johnson, L.
(1981) ‘Radio and Everyday Life: The Early Years of Broadcasting in Australia, 1922–1945’, Media, Culture and Society3: 167–178.
21.
Kedit, P. M.
(1993) Iban Bejalai. Kuala Lumpur: Ampang Press.
22.
Le Goff, J.
(1980) Time, Work and Culture in the Middle Ages. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
23.
Lévi-Strauss, C.
(1963/1972) Structural Anthropology. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
24.
Lull, J.
(1991) China Turned On: Television, Reform, and Resistance. London: Routledge.
25.
Mankekar, P.
(1993) ‘National Texts and Gendered Lives’, American Ethnologist20: 543–563.
26.
Miller, D.
(1994) ‘The Young and the Restless in Trinidad. A Case of the Global andthe Local in Mass Consumption’, in R. Silverstone and E. Hirsch (eds) Consuming Technologies: Media and Information in Domestic Spaces, pp. 163–182. London: Routledge.
27.
Moores, S.
(1988) ‘The Box on the Dresser: Memories of Early Radio’, Media, Culture and Society10(1): 23–40.
28.
Morley, D.
(1992) Television, Audiences and Cultural Studies. London: Routledge.
29.
Morrison, H.
(1954) ‘Broadcasting Comes to the Sea Dyaks’, Geographical MagazineXXVII: 390–393.
30.
Munn, N. D.
(1992) ‘The Cultural Anthropology of Time: A Critical Essay’, Annual Review of Anthropology21: 93–123.
31.
Pace, R.
(1993) ‘First-time Televiewing in Amazonia: Television Acculturation in Gurupa, Brazil’, Ethnology32: 187–206.
32.
Postill, J. (2000) ‘Borneo Again: Media, Social Life and Nation-Building among the Iban of Malaysian Borneo’. Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of London.
33.
Pringle, R.
(1970) Rajahs and Rebels: The Iban of Sarawak under Brooke Rule, 1841– 1941. London: Macmillan.
34.
Rofel, L.
(1994) ‘Yearnings: Televisual Love and Melodramatic Politics in Contemporary China’, American Ethnologist21: 700–722.
35.
Scannell, P.
(1988) ‘Radio Times: The Temporal Arrangements of Broadcasting in the Modern World’, in P. Drummond and R. Paterson (eds) Television and its Audience, pp. 15–29. London: British Film Institute.
36.
Scannell, P.
and Cardiff, D. (1991) A Social History of British Broadcasting. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
37.
Silverstone, R.
and Hirsch, E. (eds) (1994) ‘Introduction’, in Consuming Technologies: Media and Information in Domestic Spaces, pp. 1–11. London: Routledge.
38.
Sperber, D.
(1996) Explaining Culture: A Naturalistic Approach. Oxford: Blackwell.
39.
Spitulnik, D.
(1993) ‘Anthropology and Mass Media’, Annual Review of Anthropology22: 293–315.
40.
Spitulnik, D.
(1996) ‘The Social Circulation of Media Discourse and the Mediation of Communities’, Journal of Linguistic Anthropology6(2): 161–187.
41.
Steinmayer, O.
(1999) Jalai Jako Iban. Kuching: Klasik.
42.
Thompson, E. P.
(1967) ‘Time, Work-discipline, and Industrial Capitalism’, Past and Present38: 56–97.
43.
Whorf, B. L.
(1956) Language, Thought, and Reality. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
44.
Wibisono, S.
(1975) ‘The Wayang as a Medium of Communication’, Prisma1:2-2.
45.
Wilson, J. K.
(1969) Budu, or, Twenty Years in Sarawak. North Berwick: Tantallon Press.
46.
Wolf, E.
(1997) Europe and the People without History. Berkeley: University of California Press.
