Occasional Series Why women?

Morell V. Zeroing in on how hormones affect the immune system. Science 1995; 269: 773-775.

Wilder RL Hormones, pregnancy, and autoimmune diseases. Ann NY Acad Sci 1997 (in press).

Masi AT , Feigenbaum SL , Chatterton RT Hormonal and pregnancy relationships to rheumatoid arthritis: convergent effects with immunologic and microvascular systems. Semin Arth Rheum 1995; 25: 1-27.

Olsen NJ , Kovacs WJ Gonadal steroids and immunity. Endocrine Rev 1996; 17: 369-384.

Park DJ et al. Thyroid disorders in Korean patients with systemic lupus erythematosus . Scand J Rheumatol 1995; 24: 13-17.

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Magaro M. et al. The association of silent thyroiditis with active systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1992; 10: 67-70.

McGuire JL , Lambert RE In: Kelley WN , Ruddy S , Harris ED Jr, Sledge CB (eds). Textbook of Rheumatology , 5th edn. WB Saunders: Philadelphia, 1997, p 1509.

Winter Jsd , Couch RM Sexual differentiation. In: Felig P , Baxter JD , Frohman LA (eds). Endocrinology and Metabolism, 3rd edn. McGraw-Hill: New York, 1995, pp 1053-1106.

Olsen NJ , Kovacs WJ Case report: testosterone treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus in a patient with Klinefelter's syndrome. Am Med J Sci 1995; 310: 158-160.

Arden NK , Lloyd ME , Spector TD , Hughes Grv. Safety of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Lupus 1994; 3: 11-13.

Liang MH , Karlson EW Female hormone therapy and the risk of developing or exacerbating systemic lupus erythematosus or rheumatoid arthritis. Proc Assoc Am Physicians 1996; 108: 25-28.

Sanchez-Guerrero J. et al. Postmenopausal estrogen therapy and the risk for developing systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Intern Med 1995; 122: 430-433.

Wilder RL Adrenal and gonadal steroid hormone deficiency in the etiopathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 1996; 23(Suppl. 44): 10-12.

Pritchard MH An examination of the role of female hormones and pregnancy as risk factors for rheumatoid arthritis, using a male population as a control group. Br J Rheumatol 1992; 31: 395-399.

Pritchard MH Evidence for a hypothetical non-HLA susceptibility gene in rheumatoid arthritis. Br J Rheumatol 1994; 33: 475-479.

McMurray RW , Weidensaul D. , Allen SH , Walker SE Efficacy of bromocriptine in an open label therapeutic trial for systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 1995; 22: 2084-2091.

Yocum MW et al. Monozygotic twins discordant for systemic lupus erythematosus . Arthritis Rheum 1975; 18: 193-199.

Walker SE , Besch-Williford CL , Keisler DH Accelerated deaths from systemic lupus erythematosus in NZB x NZW F 1 mice treated with the testosterone-blocking drug flutamide. J Lab Clin Med 1994; 124: 401-407.

Nelson JL et al. Maternal-fetal disparity in HLA class II alloantigens and the pregnancy-induced amelioration of rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 466-471.

Lockshin MD Does lupus flare during pregnancy? Lupus 1993; 2: 1-2.

Ruiz-Irastorza G. et al. Increased rate of lupus flare during pregnancy and the puerperium. Prospective study of 78 pregnancies. Br J Rheum 1996; 35: 133-138.

Branch DW Physiologic adaptations of pregnancy. Am J Reprod Immunol 1992; 28: 120-122.

Polderman KH et al. Influence of sex hormones on plasma endothelin levels. Ann Intern Med 1993; 118: 429-432.

Ahmed SA , Talal N. Importance of sex hormones in systemic lupus erythematosus. In: Wallace DJ , Hahn BHH (eds). Dubois' Lupus Erythematosus, 4th edn. Lea & Febiger: Philadelphia , 1993, pp 148-156.

Gregersen PK Discordance for autoimmunity in monozygotic twins. Are 'identical' twins really identical? Arthritis Rheum 1993; 36: 1185-1192.

Sapienza C. , Hall JG Genetic imprinting in human disease. In: Scriver CR , Beaudet AL , Sly WS , Valle D (eds). The Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease, 7th edn. McGraw-Hill: New York, 1995, pp 437-458.

Willard HF The sex chromosomes and X-chromosome inactivation. In: Scriver CR , Beaudet AL , Sly WS , Valle D (eds). The Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease, 7th edn. McGraw-Hill: New York, 1995, pp 719-738.

Walker SE Prolactin: an immune-stimulating peptide that regulates other immune-modulating hormones. Lupus 1993; 2: 67-69.

Lavalle C. et al. Review. Prolactin and gonadal hormones: a key relationship that may have clinical, monitoring, and therapeutic implications in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 1993; 2: 71-75.

Saji M. et al. Major histocompatibility complex class I gene expression in rat thyroid cells is regulated by hormones, methimazole, and iodide as well as interferon. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992 ; 75: 871-888.

Beeson PB Age and sex association of 40 autoimmune diseases. Am J Med 1994; 96: 457-462.

Nelson JL et al. Viewpoint. Maternal-fetal immunology and autoimmune disease. Is some autoimmune disease auto-allo or allo-auto immune? Arthritis Rheum 1996; 39: 191-194.

Nelson JL et al. Maternal-fetal HLA relationships in three generations and risk of scleroderma. Arthritis Rheum 1996; 39: s231 (abstract).

Mullinax F. , Mullinax GL , Johnson R. Pregnancy-induced scleroderma. Identification of offspring-derived cells in patients with scleroderma. Arthritis Rheum 1996; 39: s231 (abstract).

Morlet T. et al. Spontaneous otoacoustic emission in preterm neonates: prevalence and gender effects. Hearing Res 1995; 90: 44-54.

Steinmetz H. et al. Corpus callosum and brain volume in women and men. Neuroreport 1995; 6: 1002-1004.

Buckner RL , Raichle ME , Petersen SE Dissociaton of human prefrontal cortical area across different speech production tasks and gender groups. J Neurophysiol 1995 ; 74: 2163-2173.

Esposito G. , Van Horn JD , Weinberger DR , Berman KF Gender differences in cerebral flow as a function of cognitive state with PET. J Nucl Med 1996 ; 37: 559-564.

Wilder RL Neuroendocrine-immune system interaction and autoimmunity. Annu Rev Immunol 1995; 13: 307-338.

Chrousos GP The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and immune-mediated inflammation. N Engl J Med 1995; 332: 1351-1362.

Tannen D. You Just Don't Understand: Women and Men in Conversation . Ballantine Books: New York, 1990.

Gear RW et al. Kappa-opioids produce significantly greater analgesia in women than in men. Nat Med 1996; 2: 1248-1250.

Trejo V. et al. X chromosome inactivation patterns correlate with fetal-placental anatomy in monozygotic twin pairs: implications for immune relatedness and concordance for autoimmunity. Mol Med 1994 ; 1: 62—70.

Houtsmuller EJ , Slob AK Masculinization and defeminization of female rats by males located caudally in the uterus. Physiol Behav 1990; 48: 555-560.

Clark MM , Karpiuk P. , Galef BG Jr. Hormonally mediated inheritance of acquired characteristics in Mongolian gerbils . Nature 1993; 364: 712.

Vandenbergh JG News and views: and brother begat nephew. Nature 1993; 364: 671-672.

Miller EM , Martin N. Analysis of the effect of hormones on opposite-sex twin attitudes. Acta Genet Med Gemellol 1995; 44: 41-52.

LeVay S. A difference in hypothalamic structure between heterosexual and homosexual men. Science 1991; 253(5023): 1034-1037.

Chehab FF , Mounzih K. , Lu R. , Lim ME Early onset of reproductive function in normal female mice treated with leptin . Science 1977; 275: 88-90.

Roush W. Can 'resetting' hormonal rhythms treat illness? Science 1995; 269: 1220-1221.

Hrushesky WM In: Hrushesky WM (ed.). Circadian Cancer Therapy. CRC Press: Boca Raton, 1994, pp 3-9 and 271-281.

Pando JA , Gourley MF , Wilder RL , Crofford LJ Hormonal supplementation as treatment for cyclical rashes in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 1995; 22: 2159-2162.

Calin A. , Fries JF Striking prevalence of ankylosing spondylitis in 'healthy' w27 positive males and females. N Engl J Med 1975; 293: 835-839.

Chang YC et al. An analysis of fetal hemoglobin variation in sickle cell disease: the relative contributions of the X-linked factor, beta-globin haplotypes, alpha-gloving gene number, gender, and age. Blood 1995; 85: 1111-1117.

Bunn HF Disorders of hemoglobin. In: Isselbacher KJ et al. (eds). Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine , 13th edn. McGraw-Hill: New York, 1994, p 1738.

Weissman MM , Olfson M. Depression in women: implications for health care research. Science 1995; 269: 799-801.

Kleinman A. , Cohen A. Psychiatry's global challenge. Scientific American 1997; 276: 86-91.

Gadjusek DC Kuru in the New Guinea Highlands. In: Spillane JD (ed.). Tropical Neurology. Oxford University Press: New York, 1973 , pp 377-383.

Sanchez-Guerrero J. et al. Hair dye use and the risk of developing systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 1996; 39: 657-662.

Burry JN Lipstick and lupus erythematosus. N Engl J Med 1969; 281: 620-621.

Pratt NC , Lisk RD Role of progesterone in mediating stress-related litter deficits in the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus). Reprod Fert 1991; 92: 139-146.

Wilder RL Hormones and autoimmunity: animal models of arthritis. Baillière's Clinical Rheumatology 1996; 10: 259-271.