Cutaneous manifestations of Hughes syndrome occurring in the context of lupus erythematosus

Cervera R. et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus: clinical and immunologic patterns of disease expression in a cohort of 1000 patients. Medicine 1993; 72: 113-124.

Love PE , Santoro SA Antiphospholipid antibodies: anticardiolipin and the lupus anticoagulant in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and in non-SLE disorders. Prevalence and clinical significance. Ann Intern Med 1990 ; 112: 692-698.

McNeil HP , Chesterman CN , Krilis SA Immunology and clinical importance of antiphospholipid antibodies. Adv Immunol 1991; 49: 193-280.

Hughes Grv. Thrombosis, abortion, cerebral disease and lupus anticoagulant. BMJ 1983; 287: 1088-1089.

Khamashta MA , Asherson RA Hughes syndrome: antiphospholipid antibodies more closer to thrombosis in 1994. Br J Rheumatol 1995; 34: 493-494.

Asherson RA A 'primary' antiphospholipid syndrome?. J Rheumatol 1988; 15: 1742-1746.

Alarcon-Segovia D. et al. Antiphospholipid antibodies and the antiphospholipid syndrome in systemic lupus erythematosus. A prospective analysis of 500 consecutive patients. Medicine 1989 ; 68: 353-365.

Alarcon-Segovia et al. Preliminary classification criteria for the antiphospholipid syndrome within systemic lupus erythematosus. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1992; 21: 275-286.

Jouhikainen T. , Stephansson E. , Leirisalo-Repo M. Lupus anticoagulant as a pronostic marker in systemic lupus erythematosus. Br J Rheumatol 1993; 32: 568-573.

Alegre VA , Gastineau DA , Winkelman RK Skin lesions associated with circulating lupus anticoagulant. Br J Dermatol 1989; 120: 419-429.

Stephansson EA et al. Lupus anticoagulant and the skin. A long term follow-up study of SLE patients with special reference to histopathological findings. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockholm ) 1991; 71: 416-422. 12 Golden AL Livedo reticularis in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arch Dermatol 1963 ; 87: 299—301.

Hughes Grv. Connective tissue disease and the skin. The Prosser-White Oration 1983. Clin Exp Dermatol 1984 ; 9: 535-544.

Weinstein C. et al. Livedo reticularis associated with increased titres of anticardiolipin antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arch Dermatol 1987; 123: 596-600.

McHugh MJ et al. Anticardiolipin antibodies, livedo reticularis and major cerebrovascular and renal disease in systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis 1988; 47: 110-115.

Asherson RA et al. The spectrum of livedo reticularis and anticardiolipin antibodies. Br J Dermatol 1989 ; 120: 215-221.

Englert HJ et al. Clinical and immunologic features of livedo reticularis in lupus: a case-control study. Am JMed 1989; 87: 408-410.

Vianna JL et al. Comparison of the primary and secondary antiphospholipid syndrome: a european multicenter study of 114 patients. Am J Med 1994; 96: 3-9.

Bowie Ejw , Thompson JH , Pascuzzi CA , Owen CA Thrombosis in systemic lupus erythematosus despite circulating anticoagulants . J Lab Clin Med 1963; 62: 416-430.

Johansson EA , Niemi KM , Mustakallio KK A peripheral vascular syndrome overlapping with systemic lupus erythematosus. Dermatologica 1977; 155: 257—267.

Yasue T. Livedoid vasculitis and central nerevous system involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arch Dermatol 1986; 122: 66-70.

Grob JJ , Bonerandi JJ Cutaneous manifestations associated with the presence of the lupus anticoagulant: a report of two cases and a review of the literature. J Am Acad Dermatol 1986; 15: 211 219.

Grob JJ et al. Unfading acral livedo. J Am Acad Dermatol 1991; 24: 53-58.

Renfro L. , Franks AG , Grodberg M. , Kamino H. Painful nodules in a young female. Arch Dermatol 1992; 128: 847-848.

Francès C. et al. Cutaneous necrosis associated with the lupus anticoagulant.. Dermatologica 1989; 178: 194-201.

Dessein PH et al. Severe immune thrombocytopenia and the development of skin infarctions in a patient with an overlap syndrome. J Rheumatol 1989; 16: 1494-1496.

Jindal BK , Martin Mfr , Gayner A. Gangrene developing after minor surgery in a patient with undiagnosed systemic lupus and lupus anticoagulant. Ann Rheum Dis 1983; 42: 347-349.

Degos R. Malignant atrophic papulosis. Br J Dermatol 1979 ; 100: 21-35.

Doutre MS et al. Skin lesion resembling malignant atrophic papulosis in lupus erythematosus. Dermatologica 1987; 175: 45-46.

Dublin HV , Stawiski MA Systemic lupus erythematosus resembling malignant atrophic papulosis. Arch Intern Med 1974; 134: 321-323.

Black MM , Hudson PM Atrophic blouche lesions closely reembling malignant atrophic papulosis in systemic lupus erythematosus. Br J Dermatol 1976 ; 95: 649-652.

Fraga A. , Mintz G. Splinter haemorrhages in SLE. Arthritis Rheum 1966; 9: 648—649.

Mujic F. et al. Prevalence and clinical significance of subungual splinter haemorrhages in patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome. Clin Exp Dermatol 1995; 13: 327 331.

Stephansson EA , Niemi KM Antiphospholipid antibodies and anetoderma: are they associated?. Dermatology 1995; 191: 204-209.

Hodak E. et al. Immunologic abnormalities associated with primary anetoderma . Arch Dermatol 1992; 128: 799-803.

Asherson RA Adrenal, hepatic and other intraabdominal manifestations in the antiphospholipid syndrome. In. Asherson RA , Cervera R , Piette JC , Schoenfeld Y (eds). The antiphospholipid syndrome CRC Press; Boca Raton, 1996: 183-193.

Alegre VA , Winkelmann RK Histopathologic and immunofluorescence study of skin lesions associated with circulating anticoagulant. J Am Acad Dermatol 1988; 19: 117-124.

Smith KJ et al. Cutaneous histopathologic findings in 'antiphospholipid syndrome '. Arch Dermatol 1990; 126: 1176-1183.

Hughson MD , McCarty GA , Brumback RA Spectrum of vascular pathology affecting patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome. Hum Pathol 1995; 26: 716-724.

Lie JT Vasculitis in the antiphospholipid syndrome: culprit or consort?. J Rheumatol 1994; 21: 397-399.

Sneddon IB Cerebrovascular lesions and livedo reticularis. Br J Dermatol 1965; 77: 180-185.

Francès C. Piette JC La définition du syndrome de Sneddon: contorsions entre mailles et circonvolutions . Ann Dermatol Venereol 1994 ; 121 : 293-296.

Ellis SG , Verity MA Central nervous system involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus: a review of neuropathological findings in 57 cases. 1955-1977. Sem Arthritis Rheum 1979; 8: 212-221.

Johnson R. , Richardson EP The neurological manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus. Medicine (Baltimore) 1968; 47: 337-369.

Rebollo M. , et al. Livedo reticularis and cerebrovascular lesions (Sneddon's syndrome). Clinical, radiological and pathological features in eight cases. Brain 1983; 106: 965-979.

Piette JC , Francès C. Quelle est la nature des lésions vasculaires du syndrome des antiphospholipides ?. Rev Med Interne 1993; 14: 476-480.

Ellison D. , Gatter K. , Heryet A. , Esiri M. Intramural platelet deposition in cerebral vasculopathy of systemic lupus erythematosus. J Clin Pathol 1993 ; 46: 37-40.

Zelger B. et al. Life history of cutaneous vascular lesions in Sneddon's syndrome . Hum Pathol 1992; 23: 668-675.

Antoine JC et al. Syndrome de Sneddon: 9 cas. Rev Neurol (Paris) 1994; 150: 435-443.

Francès C. et al. Multiple subungual splinter hemorrhages in the antiphospholipid syndrome. A report of five cases and review of the literature. Lupus 1994; 3: 123-128.

Nahass GT Antiphospholipid antibodies and the antiphospholipid syndrome. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997 (in press).

Zahavi J. et al. Ischaemic necrotic toes associated with antiphospholipid syndrome and treated with iloprost. Lancet 1993; 342: 862.

Piette JC et al. Treatment of the antiphospholipid syndrome. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 1995; 13: 73-89.

Grob JJ , Bonerandi JJ Thrombotic skin disease as a marker of the anticardiolipin syndrome. Livedo vasculitis and distal gangrene associated with abnormal serum antiphospholipid activity. J Am Acad Dermatol 1989 ; 20: 1063-1069.

Gertner E. , Lie JT Systemic therapy with fibrinolytic agents and heparin for recalcitrant nonhealing cutaneous ulcer in the antiphospholipid syndrome. J Rheumatol 1994; 21: 2159-2161.

Lockshin MD Which patients with antiphospholipid antibody should be treated and how?. Rheum Dis Clin 1993; 19: 235-247.

Khamashta MA et al. The management of thrombosis in the antiphospholipid-antibody syndrome. N Engl J Med 1995; 332: 993-997.