Antiphospholipid antibodies were originally thought to bind negatively-charged (aniomic) phospholipids. Current evidence suggests that the target antigen is considerably more complex and includes β2-glycoprotein I, a phospholipid-binding plasma protein. Our under standing of the pathophysiology of the antiphospholipid syndrome has increased exponen tially with a number of studies into the interactions of antiphospholipid antibodies and β2-glycoprotein I.
McNeil HP, Chesterman CN and Krilis SAImmunology and Clinical Importance of antiphospholipid antibodies. Advances in Immunology, 1991; 193-279.
2.
Love PE and Santoro SAAntiphospholipid Antibodies: Anticardiolipin and the Lupus Anticoagulant in Systemic Lupus Erthematosus (SLE) and in Non-SLE Disorders. Annals of Internal Medicine1990; 112: 682-698.
3.
McNeil HP et al. Antiphospholipid antibodies are directed against a complex antigen that includes a lipid-binding inhibitor of coagulation: β2-glycoprotein-I (apolipoprotein H). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA1990; 87: 4120-4124.
4.
Galli M. et al. Anticardiolipin antibodies (ACA) directed not to cardiolipin but to a plasma protein cofactor. Lancet1990 ; 335: 1544-1547.
5.
Hunt, JE et al. A phospholipid-β2-glycoprotein-I complex is the antigen for anticardiolipin antibodies occurring in autoimmune disease but not with infections. Lupus1992; 1: 75-81.
6.
Reid Kbm and Day AJStructure-function relationships of the complement components. Immunology Today1989; 10: 177-180. 7. Kandiah DA and Krilis SABeta-2-Glycoprotein I. Lupus1994; 3: 207-212.
7.
Arvieux J. et al. Measurement of antiphospholipid antibodies by ELISA using Beta-2-glycoprotein I as an antigen. J Immunol Meth1991; 143: 223-229.
8.
Viard JP, Amoura Z. and Bach JFAssociation of anti-beta-2-glycoprotein-I antibodies with lupus-type circulating anticoagulants and thrombosis in systemic lupus erythematosus . Am J Med1992; 93(2): 181-186.
9.
Pierangeli SS et al. Are immunoglobulins with lupus anticoagulant activity specific for phospholipids?Br J Haematol1993; 85: 124-132.
10.
Pierangeli SS et al. β2-glycoprotein-I (β 2GPI) enhances cardiolipin binding activity but is not the antigen for antiphospholipid antibodies. Br J Haematol1992; 82: 565-570.
11.
Matsuura E. et al. Anticardiolipin antibodies recognise β 2glycoprotein-I structure altered by interacting with an oxygen modified solid phase surface. J Exp Med1994; 179: 457-462.
12.
Hunt JE and Krilis SAThe fifth domain of β2-glycoprotein-I contains a phospholipid binding site (Cys 281-Cys 288) and a region recognised by anticardiolipin antibodies. J Immunol1994; 152: 653-659.
13.
Hunt JE, Simpson RJ and Krilis SAIdentification of a region of β2-glycoprotein-I critical for lipid binding and anti-cardiolipin antibody cofactor activity. Proc Nat Acac Sci1993; 92: 2141-2145.
14.
Wang M-X., Kandiah DA, Ichikawa K. et al. Epitope specificity of monoclonal anti-β2-glycoprotein-I antibodies derived from patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome. J of Immunology1995; 155: 1629-1636.
15.
Roubey RAEisenberg RA, Harper MF, Winfield JBAnticardiolipin autoantibodies recognise β2-glycoprotein-I in the absence of phospholipid: Importance of Ag density and bivalent binding . J of Immunology1995; 154: 954-960.
