Antimalarials in Sjogren's syndrome-the Greek experience

Abstract

Sjogren's syndrome (SS) is a chronic autoimmune rheumatic disorder characterized by lymphocytic infiltration and destruction of exocrine glands, mainly of salivary and lacrimal glands, leading to dryness of mouth and eyes. It can occur either alone (primary SS) or in association with almost every systemic autoimmune rheumatic SS). Usually, SS patients have slowly progressive disease confined in exocrine glands, however, in approximately one third of primary SS patients the disorder presents a systemic and progressive course with involvement of diverse extraglandular sites and in a small but significant number of patients with lymphoid neoplasia development. Although the aetiology of SS remains unknown, chronic immune system stimulation is thought to play a central role in the pathogenesis of the disorder, as illustrated by several indices of immunological hyperactivity, including various autoantibodies, polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia and circulating paraproteins. To date, treatment of SS remains largely empirical and symptomatic, and no clinical trial has been proved capable to change the course of the disease. Hydroxychloroquine has been successfully applied for the treatment of arthralgias, myalgias and general constitutive symptoms of SS patients. In an initial small open study, hydroxychloroquine administration has been shown to improve features of immunological hyperreactivity, such as hyper-gammaglobulinaemia and autoantibody levels. However, large prospective double-blind studies are still needed to assess the long-term efficacy of hydroxychloroquine in preventing extraglandular involvement and lymphoma development in primary SS patients.