Clinical and Therapeutic Aspects of the Antiphospholipid Syndrome

Abstract

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Hughes

GRV

. Thrombosis, abortion, cerebral disease and lupus anticoagulant. Br Med J 1983; 287: 1088–9.

Matsuura

. Anticardiolipin antibodies recognize beta (2)-glycoprotein 1 structure altered by interacting with an oxygen modified solid phase surface. J Exp Med 1994; 179: 457–62.

Sabbaga

. A primary' thrombotic syndrome: Absence of antiphospholipid antibodies. Clin Rheumatol 1991; 10: 81–3.

Joseph

Scopelitis

. Seronegative antiphospholipid syndrome associated with plasminogen activator inhibitor. Lupus 1994; 3: 201–3.

Hughes

GRV

. The antiphospholipid syndrome. Ten years on. Lancet 1993; 342: 341–4.

Piette

. Exclusion criteria for the primary antiphospholipid syndrome. J Rheumatol 1992; 19: 988–9.

Vianna

. Comparison of the primary and secondary antiphospholipid syndrome: A European multicenter study of 114 patients. Am J Med 1994; 96: 3–9.

Drenkard

. Influence of the antiphospholipid syndrome in the survival of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 1994; 21: 1067–72.

Asherson

. Recurrent stroke and multi-infarct dementia in SLE associated with antiphospholipid antibodies. Ann Rheum Dis 1987; 46: 605–11.

10.

Brey

. Antiphospholipid antibodies and cerebral ischemia in young people. Neurology 1990; 40: 1190–6.

11.

Herranz

. Association between antiphospholipid antibodies and epilepsy in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 1994; 37: 568–71.

12.

Asherson

. Chorea in systemic lupus and lupus-like disease: Association with antiphospholipid antibodies. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1987; 16: 253–9.

13.

Asherson

. Myocardial infarction and antiphospholipid antibodies in SLE and related disorders. Q J Med 1989; 272: 1103–15.

14.

Raghavan

. Influence of anticardiolipin antibodies on immediate patient outcome after myocardial infarction. J Clin Pathol 1993; 46: 1113–15.

15.

Sletnes

. Antiphospholipid antibodies after myocardial infarction and their relation to mortality, reinfarction and non-haemorrhagic stroke. Lancet 1992; 339: 451–3.

16.

Morton

. Coronary artery bypass failure: An autoimmune phenomenon? Lancet 1986; 2: 1353–7.

17.

Vaarala

. Cross-reaction between antibodies to oxidised low density lipoprotein and to cardiolipin in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lancet 1993; 341: 923–925.

18.

Puurunen

. Antibody against oxidized low-density lipoprotein predicting myocardial infarction. Arch Int Med 1994 (in press).

19.

Khamashta

. Association of antibodies against phospholipids with heart valve disease in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lancet 1990; 335: 1541–4.

20.

Cervera

. High prevalence of significant heart valve lesions in patients with the ‘primary’ antiphospholipid syndrome. Lupus 1991; 1: 43–8.

21.

Asherson

. Pulmonary hypertension in a Lupus clinic: Experience with twenty four patients. J Rheumatol 1990; 17: 1292–8.

22.

Jouhikainen

Pohjola-Sintonen

Stephansson

. Lupus anticoagulant and cardiac manifestations in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 1994; 3: 167–72.

23.

Asherson

Kant

. Antiphospholipid antibodies and the kidney. J Rheumatol 1993; 20: 1268–72.

24.

Amigo

. Renal involvement in the primary antiphospholipid syndrome. J Rheumatol 1992; 18: 1181–5.

25.

Smith

P Kincaid

Fairley

Kloss

. Lupus anticoagulant associated with renal thrombotic microangiopathy and pregnancy related renal failure. Q J Med 1988; 69: 795–815.

26.

Prieto

Suki

. Frequent hemodialysis graft thrombosis: Association with anticardiolipin antibodies. Am J Kidney Dis 1994; 23: 587–90.

27.

Asherson

Hughes

GRV

. Addison's disease in the ‘primary’ antiphospholipid syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis 1989; 16: 378–80.

28.

Pelletier

. The antiphospholipid syndrome as the second cause of non-malignant Budd-Chiari syndrome. Arthritis Rheum 1992; 35 (Suppl.): S238 (abstract).

29.

Asherson

. The spectrum of livedo reticularis and anticardiolipin antibodies. Br J Dermatol 1989; 120: 215–21.

30.

Harris

. Anticardiolipin antibodies in autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura. Br J Haematol 1985; 59: 231–4.

31.

Triplett

. Antiphospholipid antibodies and recurrent pregnancy loss. Am J Reprod Immunol 1989; 20: 52–67.

32.

Branch

Scott

Kochenour

Hershgold

. Obstetric complications associated with the lupus anticoagulant. N Engl J Med 1985; 313: 1322–6.

33.

Lockshin

. Neonatal lupus risk to newborns of mothers with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 1988; 31: 697–701.

34.

Buchanan

NMM

. A study of 100 high risk lupus pregnancy. Am J Reprod Immunol 1992; 28: 192–4.

35.

Lockshin

. Antibody to cardiolipin, lupus anticoagulant and fetal death. J Rheumatol 1987; 14: 259–62.

36.

Branch

. Outcome of treated pregnancies in women with antiphospholipid syndrome: An update of the Utah experience. Obstet Gynecol 1992; 80: 614–22.

37.

Cowchock

. Repeated fetal losses associated with antiphospholipid antibodies: A collaborative randomized trial comparing prednisone with low-dose heparin treatment. Am J Obstetr Gynecol 1992; 166: 1318–23.

38.

Balasch

. Low-dose aspirin for prevention of pregnancy losses in women with primary antiphospholipid syndrome. Hum Reprod 1993; 8: 2234–9.

39.

Lima

. A study of 54 antiphospholipid syndrome pregnancies. Lupus 1994; 3: 337 (abstract).

40.

Rosove

Brewer

PMC

. Antiphospholipid thrombosis: Clinical course after the first thrombotic event in 70 patients. Ann Intern Med 1992; 117: 302–8.

41.

Derksen

RHWM

. Patients with antiphospholipid antibodies and venous thrombosis should receive long-term anticoagulant treatment. Ann Rheum Dis 1993; 52: 689–92.

42.

Rivier

. Thrombosis and antiphospholipid syndrome: A preliminary assessment of three antithrombotic treatments. Lupus 1994; 3: 85–90.

43.

Asherson

. Anticardiolipin antibody, recurrent thrombosis and warfarin withdrawal. Ann Rheum Dis 1985; 44: 823–5.

44.

Khamashta

. The antithrombotic management of antiphospholipid syndrome with oral anticoagulants: A ten year follow-up of 147 patients. Lupus 1994; 3: 36 (abstract).

45.

Alarcon-Segovia

Sanchez-Guerrero

. Correction of thrombocytopenia with small dose aspirin in primary antiphospholipid syndrome. J Rheumatol 1989; 16: 1421–7.

46.

Durand

. Correction of thrombocytopenia with dapsone in the primary antiphospholipid syndrome. J Rheumatol 1993; 20: 1777–8.

47.

Fishman

Shoenfeld

. Lessons from experimental antiphospholipid syndrome. Semin Clin Immunol 1993; 6: 39–46.