'Primary','Secondary' and Other Variants of the Antiphospholipid Syndrome

Abstract

Although the APS seen as a PAPS or accompanying SLE essentially manifests the same clinical features, there appears to be distinct differences in the two groups of patients which have been summarized in this article. Additionally, the fact that some patients with Sneddon's syndrome, Trousseau's syndrome, or even Addison's disease, may in reality be examples of aPL-related vascular occlusive events has opened new avenues, not only for identification of these patients, but also for more systematic therapeutic regimens.

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Harris EN , Baguley E. , Asherson RA , Hughes Grv. Clinical and serological features of the antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). Br J Rheumatol 1987 ; 26: 19 (abstract).

Hughes Grv The anticardiolipin syndrome. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1985; 3: 285-6.

López-Soto A. , Cervera R. , Font J. et al. Detection of antiphospholipid antibodies by ELISA assay using partial thromboplastin in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Exp Rheum 1990; 8: 215 (abstract).

Harris EN , Gharavi AE , Loizou S. et al. Cross-reactivity of antiphospholipid antibodies. J Clin Lab Immunol 1985 ; 16: 1-6.

Koike T. , Seutshi M. , Funaki M. et al. Antiphospholipid antibodies and biological false positive serological tests for syphilis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Exp Immuol 1984; 56: 193-9.

Meroni PL , Harris EN , Brucato A. et al. Antimitochondial-type M5 and anticardiolipin antibodies in autoimmune disorders: studies on their association and cross-reactivity. Clin Exp Immunol 1987; 67: 484-91.

Trujillo MA , Yebra M. , Mulero J. et al. Antimitochondrial antibodies and the antiphospholipid syndrome . J Rheumatol 1990; 17: 718-19.

Asherson RA Antimitochondrial antibodies and the antiphospholipid syndrome. J Rheumatol 1990; 17: 719.

Staub HL , Harris EN , Khamashta MA , Savidge G. , Chahade WH , Hughes Grv. Antibody to phosphatidylethanolmaine in a patient with lupus anticoagulant and thrombosis. Ann Rheum Dis 1989; 48: 166-9.

10.

Karmochkine M. , Cacoub P. , Piette JC , Godeau P. , Boffa MC Antiphosphatidylethanolamine antibody as the sole antiphospholipid antibody in systemic lupus erythematosus with thrombosis . Clin Exp Rheumatol 1992; 10: 603-5.

11.

Falcon CR , Hofler AM , Carreras LO Evaluation of the clinical and laboratory associations of antiphosphatidylethanolamine . Thromb Res 1990; 63: 321-2.

12.

Qamar T. , Gharavi AE , Levy RA , Lockshin MD Lysophosphatidylethanolamine is the antigen to which apparent antibody to phosphatidylethanolamine binds. J Clin Immunol 1990; 10: 200-3.

13.

Cervera R. , Font J. , López-Soto A. et al. Isotype distribution of anticardiolipin antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus. Prospective analysis of a series of 100 patients. Ann Rheum Dis 1990; 49: 109-13.

14.

Gharavi AE , Harris EN , Asherson RA , Hughes Grv. Anticardiolipin antibodies: isotype distribution and phospholipid specificity . Ann Rheum Dis 1987; 46: 1-6.

15.

Triplett DA , Brandz JT , Musgrave KA , Orr CA The relationship between lupus anticoagulants and antibodies to phospholipids. JAMA 1988 ;257:550-4.

16.

Asherson RA , Zulman T. , Hughes Grv Pulmonary thromboembolism associated with procainamide-induced lupus syndrome and anticardiolipin antibodies . Ann Rhuem Dis 1989; 48: 232-5.

17.

Chamley LW , Pattison NS , McKay ET IgM lupus anticoagulant can be associated with recurrent fetal loss and thrombotic events. Thromb Res 1990; 58: 343-7.

18.

Eber B. , Schumacher M. , Auer-Greenbach P. , Toplak H. , Klein W. Increased IgM anticardiolipin antibodies in patients with restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Am J Cardiol 1992; 69: 1255-8.

19.

Barbut D. , Borer JS , Coronna J. , Wallerson D. , Asherson RA , Gharavi AE Stroke in patients with isolated IgM anticardiolipin antibody. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 1994; 4: 18-22.

20.

Silveria LH , Jara LJ , López LR et al. IgA, IgG and IgM anticardiolipin antibodies in black patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 1992; 35 (Suppl.): C262.

21.

Harris EN , Chan Jkh , Asherson RA et al. Thrombosis, recurrent fetal loss and thrombocytopenia: predictive value of the anticardiolipin antibody test. Arch Intern Med 1986; 146: 2153-6.

22.

Asherson RA , Baguley E. , Pal C. , Hughes Grv. Antiphospholipid syndrome: five year follow-up . Ann Rheum Dis 1991; 50: 805-10.

23.

Asherson RA , Cervera R. The antiphospholipid syndrome: a syndrome in evolution. Ann Rheum Dis 1992 ; 51: 147-50.

24.

Asherson RA , Cervera R. , Lahita R. Latent, incomplete or lupus at all? J Rheumatol 1991; 18: 1783-6.

25.

Tan EM , Cohen AS , Fries RJ et al. The 1982 revised criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 1982; 25: 1271-7.

26.

Drenkard C. , Sánchez-Guerrero J. , Alarcón-Segovia D. Fall in antiphospholipid antibody at a time of thromboocclusive episodes in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 1989; 16: 614-17.

27.

Asherson RA , Buchanan N. , Baguley E. , Hughes Grv. Postpartum bilateral deep vein thrombosis in the primary antiphospholipid syndrome. J Rheumatol 1993; 20: 874-76

28.

Dessein P. , Gledhill RF , Asherson RA Anticardiolipin antibody-negative occlusive vascular retinopathy in systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis 1990; 49: 133.

29.

Asherson RA , Khamashta MA , Hughes Grv. Antiphospholipid antibodies and thrombosis . Lancet 1988; ii: 272.

30.

Kilpatrick DC , Liston WA Familial segregation of antiphospholipid serology from clinical features. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1991; 9: 441.

31.

Asherson RA

A 'primary' antiphospholipid syndrome?

J Rheumatol 1988; 15: 1742-6.

32.

Font J. , Cervera R.

Síndrome antifosfolípido primario: Una nueva entidad?

Med Clin (Barc) 1988; 91: 736-8.

33.

Asherson RA , Khamashta MA , Ordi-Ros J. et al. The 'primary' antiphospholipid syndrome: major clinical and serological features. Medicine (Baltimore) 1989; 68: 366-74.

34.

Alarcón-Segovia D. , Sánchez-Guerrero J. Primary antiphospholipid syndrome. J Rheumatol 1989; 16: 482-8.

35.

Mackworth-Young CG , Loizou S. , Walport MJ Primary antiphospholipid syndrome: features of patients with raised anticardiolipin antibodies and no other disorder. Ann Rheum Dis 1989; 48: 362-7.

36.

Font J. , López-Soto A. , Cervera R. et al. The 'primary' antiphospholipid syndrome: antiphospholipid antibody pattern and clinical features of a series of 23 patients. Autoimmunity 1991; 9: 69-75.

37.

Khamashta MA , Cervera R. , Asherson RA et al. Association of antibodies against phospholipid with heart valve disease in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lancet 1990; 335: 1541-3.

38.

Cervera R. , Khamashta MA , Font J. et al. High prevalence of significant heart valve lesions in patients with the primary antiphospholipid syndrome. Lupus 1991; 1:43-7.

39.

Brenner B. , Blumenfeld Z. , Markiewicz W. , Rainer SA Cardiac involvement in patients with primary antiphospholipid syndrome . J Am Coll Cardiol 1991; 18: 931-6.

40.

Ehrenstein MR , Swana M. , Keeling D. , Asherson RA , Hughes Grv , Isenberg DA Anti-DNA antibodies in the primary antiphosphalipid syndrome (PAPS). Br J Rheumatol 1993 ; 32: 362-5.

41.

Asherson RA , Shoenfeld Y. The significance of antibodies to DNA in the primary antiphospholipid syndrome. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1994; 12: 1-3.

42.

Asherson RA , Miyawaki J. , Wen R. et al. Anti-ssDNA in the primary antiphospholipid syndrome. Lupus 1992; 1 (Suppl. 1): 46.

43.

Vianna JL , Khamashta MA , Ordi-Ros J. et al. Comparison of the primary and secondary antiphospholipid syndrome: a European multicentre study of 114 patients. Am J Med 1994; 96: 3-9.

44.

Andrews PA , Frampton G. , Cameron JS Antiphospholipid syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus. Lancet 1993; 342: 988-9.

45.

Piette JC , Wechsler B. , Frances C. , Godeau P. Systemic lupus erythematosus and the antiphospholipid syndrome: reflections about the relevance of ARA criteria. J Rheumatol 1992 ; 19: 1835-7.

46.

Piette JC , Wechsler B. , Frances C. , Papo T. , Godeau P. Exclusion criteria for primary antiphospholipid syndrome. J Rheumatol 1993; 20: 1802-4.

47.

Font J. , Cervera R. , López-Soto A. et al. Anticardiolipin antibodies in patients with autoimmune diseases: isotype distribution and clinical associations. Clin Rheumatol 1989; 8: 475-83.

48.

Keane A. , Woods R. , Dowding V. et al. Anticardiolipin antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis. Br J Rheumatol 1987; 26: 346-50.

49.

Monteagudo M. , Montalbán J. , Alvarez J. et al. Stroke and anticardiolipin antibodies in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis and large granular lymphocyte proliferation . J Rheumatol 1988; 15: 1589-90.

50.

Shapiro LS Large vessel arterial thrombus in systemic sclerosis associated with antiphospholipid antibodies. J Rheumatol 1990 ; 17: 685-8.

51.

Whittaker R. , Burnett A. , Ryan P. Antiphospholipid syndrome in scleroderma. J Rheumatol 1993; 20: 1598-600.

52.

Ingram SB , Goodnight SH , Bennett RM An unusual syndrome of devastating non-inflammatory vasculopathy associated with anticardiolipin antibodies: a report of two cases. Arthritis Rheum 1987; 30: 1167-71.

53.

Mateo L. , Juanola X. , Nolla JM et al. Síndrome antifosfolípido en pacientes afectos de espondilitis anquilosante. Presentación de dos casos. Med Clin (Barc) 1992; 98: 381-3.

54.

Blanchard B. , Lazareth I. , Brossel C. , Saporta L. , Letanoux H. , Picollet P. Lupus anticoagulant and leg ulcers associated with ankylosing spondylitis. J Rheumatol 1991 ; 18: 1922-3.

55.

Viana J. , D'Cruz DP, Khamashta MA, Asherson RA, Hughes GRV Anticardiolipin antibodies in a patient with Crohn's disease and thrombosis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1992; 10: 165-8.

56.

Espinoza LR , Jara JL , Silveira LH et al. Anticardiolipin antibodies in polymyalgia rheumatica-giant cell arteritis: association with severe vascular complications . Am J Med 1991; 90: 474-8.

57.

Cid MC , Cervera R. , Font J. , Campo E. , López-Soto A. Recurrent arterial thrombosis in a patient with giant cell arteritis and raised anticardiolipin antibody level. Br J Rheumatol 1988; 27: 164-6.

58.

Cid MC , Cervera R. , Font J. et al. Late thrombotic events in patients with temporal arteritis and anticardiolipin antibodies. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1990; 8: 359-63.

59.

Dührsen A. , Paar D. , Köbel C. et al. Lupus anticoagulant associated syndrome in benign and malignant systemic disease: analysis of 10 observations. Klin Wochenschs 1987; 65: 852-9.

60.

Naldi L. , Finazzi G. , Brevi A. et al. Antiphospholipid antibodies and melanoma: a link? Dermatology 1992; 184: 156.

61.

Marcus RM , Grayzel AI A lupus antibody syndrome associated with hypernephroma. Arthritis Rheum 1979; 22: 1396-8.

62.

Shaukat MN , Hughes P. Recurrent thrombus and anticardiolipin antibodies associated with adenocarcinoma of the lung. Postgrad Med J 1990; 66: 316-19.

63.

Levine SR , Diaczok IM , Deegan MJ et al. Recurrent stroke associated with thymoma and anticardiolipin antibodies. Arch Neurol 1987 ; 44: 678-9.

64.

Kozlowski CL , Johnson MJ , Gorst DW , Willey RF Lung cancer, immune thrombocytopenia and the lupus inhibitor. Postgrad Med J 1987; 63: 793-5.

65.

Canoso RT , de Olivier RM. Chlorpromazine-induced anticardiolipin antibodies and lupus anticoagulant . Arthritis Rheum 1986; 29 (Suppl.): 596 (abstrct).

66.

Cervera R. , Asherson RA Síndrome antifosfolípido: una entidad en evolución. Med Clin (Barc) 1991; 97: 215-17.

67.

Asherson RA The catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome . J Rheumatol 1992; 19: 508-12.

68.

Harris EN , Bos K. An acute disseminated coagulopathy-vasculopathy associated with the antiphospholipid syndrome. Arch Intern Med 1991; 151: 231-3.

69.

Jain R. , Chartash E. , Furie R. Systemic lupus erythematosus complicated by thrombotic microangiopathy . Arthritis Rheum 1991; 34: S93 (abstract).

70.

Durant JM , Lefebre P. , Kaplanski G. , Soubeyrand J. Thrombotic microangiopathy and the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome . J Rheumatol 1991 ; 18: 1916-18.