Although the APS seen as a PAPS or accompanying SLE essentially manifests the same clinical features, there appears to be distinct differences in the two groups of patients which have been summarized in this article. Additionally, the fact that some patients with Sneddon's syndrome, Trousseau's syndrome, or even Addison's disease, may in reality be examples of aPL-related vascular occlusive events has opened new avenues, not only for identification of these patients, but also for more systematic therapeutic regimens.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Harris EN, Baguley E., Asherson RA, Hughes Grv.Clinical and serological features of the antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). Br J Rheumatol1987 ; 26: 19 (abstract).
López-Soto A. , Cervera R., Font J. et al. Detection of antiphospholipid antibodies by ELISA assay using partial thromboplastin in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Exp Rheum1990; 8: 215 (abstract).
4.
Harris EN, Gharavi AE, Loizou S. et al. Cross-reactivity of antiphospholipid antibodies. J Clin Lab Immunol1985 ; 16: 1-6.
5.
Koike T., Seutshi M., Funaki M. et al. Antiphospholipid antibodies and biological false positive serological tests for syphilis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Exp Immuol1984; 56: 193-9.
6.
Meroni PL, Harris EN, Brucato A. et al. Antimitochondial-type M5 and anticardiolipin antibodies in autoimmune disorders: studies on their association and cross-reactivity. Clin Exp Immunol1987; 67: 484-91.
7.
Trujillo MA, Yebra M., Mulero J. et al. Antimitochondrial antibodies and the antiphospholipid syndrome . J Rheumatol1990; 17: 718-19.
8.
Asherson RAAntimitochondrial antibodies and the antiphospholipid syndrome. J Rheumatol1990; 17: 719.
9.
Staub HL, Harris EN, Khamashta MA, Savidge G., Chahade WH, Hughes Grv.Antibody to phosphatidylethanolmaine in a patient with lupus anticoagulant and thrombosis. Ann Rheum Dis1989; 48: 166-9.
10.
Karmochkine M., Cacoub P., Piette JC, Godeau P., Boffa MCAntiphosphatidylethanolamine antibody as the sole antiphospholipid antibody in systemic lupus erythematosus with thrombosis . Clin Exp Rheumatol1992; 10: 603-5.
11.
Falcon CR, Hofler AM, Carreras LOEvaluation of the clinical and laboratory associations of antiphosphatidylethanolamine . Thromb Res1990; 63: 321-2.
12.
Qamar T., Gharavi AE, Levy RA, Lockshin MDLysophosphatidylethanolamine is the antigen to which apparent antibody to phosphatidylethanolamine binds. J Clin Immunol1990; 10: 200-3.
13.
Cervera R., Font J., López-Soto A. et al. Isotype distribution of anticardiolipin antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus. Prospective analysis of a series of 100 patients. Ann Rheum Dis1990; 49: 109-13.
14.
Gharavi AE, Harris EN, Asherson RA, Hughes Grv.Anticardiolipin antibodies: isotype distribution and phospholipid specificity . Ann Rheum Dis1987; 46: 1-6.
15.
Triplett DA , Brandz JT, Musgrave KA, Orr CAThe relationship between lupus anticoagulants and antibodies to phospholipids. JAMA1988 ;257:550-4.
16.
Asherson RA , Zulman T., Hughes GrvPulmonary thromboembolism associated with procainamide-induced lupus syndrome and anticardiolipin antibodies . Ann Rhuem Dis1989; 48: 232-5.
17.
Chamley LW, Pattison NS, McKay ETIgM lupus anticoagulant can be associated with recurrent fetal loss and thrombotic events. Thromb Res1990; 58: 343-7.
18.
Eber B., Schumacher M., Auer-Greenbach P., Toplak H., Klein W.Increased IgM anticardiolipin antibodies in patients with restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Am J Cardiol1992; 69: 1255-8.
19.
Barbut D., Borer JS, Coronna J., Wallerson D., Asherson RA, Gharavi AEStroke in patients with isolated IgM anticardiolipin antibody. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis1994; 4: 18-22.
20.
Silveria LH , Jara LJ, López LR et al. IgA, IgG and IgM anticardiolipin antibodies in black patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum1992; 35 (Suppl.): C262.
21.
Harris EN, Chan Jkh, Asherson RA et al. Thrombosis, recurrent fetal loss and thrombocytopenia: predictive value of the anticardiolipin antibody test. Arch Intern Med1986; 146: 2153-6.
22.
Asherson RA , Baguley E., Pal C., Hughes Grv.Antiphospholipid syndrome: five year follow-up . Ann Rheum Dis1991; 50: 805-10.
23.
Asherson RA , Cervera R.The antiphospholipid syndrome: a syndrome in evolution. Ann Rheum Dis1992 ; 51: 147-50.
24.
Asherson RA , Cervera R., Lahita R.Latent, incomplete or lupus at all? J Rheumatol1991; 18: 1783-6.
25.
Tan EM, Cohen AS, Fries RJ et al. The 1982 revised criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum1982; 25: 1271-7.
26.
Drenkard C. , Sánchez-Guerrero J., Alarcón-Segovia D.Fall in antiphospholipid antibody at a time of thromboocclusive episodes in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol1989; 16: 614-17.
27.
Asherson RA , Buchanan N., Baguley E., Hughes Grv.Postpartum bilateral deep vein thrombosis in the primary antiphospholipid syndrome. J Rheumatol1993; 20: 874-76
28.
Dessein P., Gledhill RF, Asherson RAAnticardiolipin antibody-negative occlusive vascular retinopathy in systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis1990; 49: 133.
29.
Asherson RA , Khamashta MA, Hughes Grv.Antiphospholipid antibodies and thrombosis . Lancet1988; ii: 272.
30.
Kilpatrick DC, Liston WAFamilial segregation of antiphospholipid serology from clinical features. Clin Exp Rheumatol1991; 9: 441.
Font J., Cervera R.Síndrome antifosfolípido primario: Una nueva entidad?Med Clin (Barc)1988; 91: 736-8.
33.
Asherson RA , Khamashta MA, Ordi-Ros J. et al. The 'primary' antiphospholipid syndrome: major clinical and serological features. Medicine (Baltimore) 1989; 68: 366-74.
34.
Alarcón-Segovia D., Sánchez-Guerrero J.Primary antiphospholipid syndrome. J Rheumatol1989; 16: 482-8.
35.
Mackworth-Young CG, Loizou S., Walport MJPrimary antiphospholipid syndrome: features of patients with raised anticardiolipin antibodies and no other disorder. Ann Rheum Dis1989; 48: 362-7.
36.
Font J., López-Soto A., Cervera R. et al. The 'primary' antiphospholipid syndrome: antiphospholipid antibody pattern and clinical features of a series of 23 patients. Autoimmunity1991; 9: 69-75.
37.
Khamashta MA , Cervera R., Asherson RA et al. Association of antibodies against phospholipid with heart valve disease in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lancet1990; 335: 1541-3.
38.
Cervera R., Khamashta MA, Font J. et al. High prevalence of significant heart valve lesions in patients with the primary antiphospholipid syndrome. Lupus1991; 1:43-7.
39.
Brenner B., Blumenfeld Z., Markiewicz W., Rainer SACardiac involvement in patients with primary antiphospholipid syndrome . J Am Coll Cardiol1991; 18: 931-6.
40.
Ehrenstein MR, Swana M., Keeling D., Asherson RA, Hughes Grv, Isenberg DAAnti-DNA antibodies in the primary antiphosphalipid syndrome (PAPS). Br J Rheumatol1993 ; 32: 362-5.
41.
Asherson RA , Shoenfeld Y.The significance of antibodies to DNA in the primary antiphospholipid syndrome. Clin Exp Rheumatol1994; 12: 1-3.
42.
Asherson RA , Miyawaki J., Wen R. et al. Anti-ssDNA in the primary antiphospholipid syndrome. Lupus1992; 1 (Suppl. 1): 46.
43.
Vianna JL, Khamashta MA, Ordi-Ros J. et al. Comparison of the primary and secondary antiphospholipid syndrome: a European multicentre study of 114 patients. Am J Med1994; 96: 3-9.
Piette JC, Wechsler B., Frances C., Godeau P.Systemic lupus erythematosus and the antiphospholipid syndrome: reflections about the relevance of ARA criteria. J Rheumatol1992 ; 19: 1835-7.
Font J., Cervera R., López-Soto A. et al. Anticardiolipin antibodies in patients with autoimmune diseases: isotype distribution and clinical associations. Clin Rheumatol1989; 8: 475-83.
48.
Keane A., Woods R., Dowding V. et al. Anticardiolipin antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis. Br J Rheumatol1987; 26: 346-50.
49.
Monteagudo M., Montalbán J., Alvarez J. et al. Stroke and anticardiolipin antibodies in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis and large granular lymphocyte proliferation . J Rheumatol1988; 15: 1589-90.
50.
Shapiro LSLarge vessel arterial thrombus in systemic sclerosis associated with antiphospholipid antibodies. J Rheumatol1990 ; 17: 685-8.
51.
Whittaker R. , Burnett A., Ryan P.Antiphospholipid syndrome in scleroderma. J Rheumatol1993; 20: 1598-600.
52.
Ingram SB, Goodnight SH, Bennett RMAn unusual syndrome of devastating non-inflammatory vasculopathy associated with anticardiolipin antibodies: a report of two cases. Arthritis Rheum1987; 30: 1167-71.
53.
Mateo L., Juanola X., Nolla JM et al. Síndrome antifosfolípido en pacientes afectos de espondilitis anquilosante. Presentación de dos casos. Med Clin (Barc)1992; 98: 381-3.
54.
Blanchard B. , Lazareth I., Brossel C., Saporta L., Letanoux H., Picollet P.Lupus anticoagulant and leg ulcers associated with ankylosing spondylitis. J Rheumatol1991 ; 18: 1922-3.
55.
Viana J., D'Cruz DP, Khamashta MA, Asherson RA, Hughes GRV Anticardiolipin antibodies in a patient with Crohn's disease and thrombosis. Clin Exp Rheumatol1992; 10: 165-8.
56.
Espinoza LR , Jara JL, Silveira LH et al. Anticardiolipin antibodies in polymyalgia rheumatica-giant cell arteritis: association with severe vascular complications . Am J Med1991; 90: 474-8.
57.
Cid MC, Cervera R., Font J., Campo E., López-Soto A.Recurrent arterial thrombosis in a patient with giant cell arteritis and raised anticardiolipin antibody level. Br J Rheumatol1988; 27: 164-6.
58.
Cid MC, Cervera R., Font J. et al. Late thrombotic events in patients with temporal arteritis and anticardiolipin antibodies. Clin Exp Rheumatol1990; 8: 359-63.
59.
Dührsen A., Paar D., Köbel C. et al. Lupus anticoagulant associated syndrome in benign and malignant systemic disease: analysis of 10 observations. Klin Wochenschs1987; 65: 852-9.
60.
Naldi L., Finazzi G., Brevi A. et al. Antiphospholipid antibodies and melanoma: a link?Dermatology1992; 184: 156.
61.
Marcus RM, Grayzel AIA lupus antibody syndrome associated with hypernephroma. Arthritis Rheum1979; 22: 1396-8.
62.
Shaukat MN, Hughes P.Recurrent thrombus and anticardiolipin antibodies associated with adenocarcinoma of the lung. Postgrad Med J1990; 66: 316-19.
63.
Levine SR, Diaczok IM, Deegan MJ et al. Recurrent stroke associated with thymoma and anticardiolipin antibodies. Arch Neurol1987 ; 44: 678-9.
64.
Kozlowski CL , Johnson MJ, Gorst DW, Willey RFLung cancer, immune thrombocytopenia and the lupus inhibitor. Postgrad Med J1987; 63: 793-5.
65.
Canoso RT, de Olivier RM.Chlorpromazine-induced anticardiolipin antibodies and lupus anticoagulant . Arthritis Rheum1986; 29 (Suppl.): 596 (abstrct).
66.
Cervera R., Asherson RASíndrome antifosfolípido: una entidad en evolución. Med Clin (Barc)1991; 97: 215-17.
