Protein C Pathway,Antiphospholipid Antibodies and Thrombosis

Harris EN , Asherson RA , Hughes GR Antiphospholipid antibodies-autoantibodies with a difference. Ann Rev Med 1988; 39: 261-71.

Love PE , Snatoro SA Antiphospholipid antibodies: anticardiolipin and the lupus anticoagulant in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and in non-SLE disorders. Ann Intem Med 1990; 112: 682-98.

PhG De Groot JD Oosting Rhwm Derksen Antiphospholipid antibodies: specificity and pathophysiology. Ballière's Clin Haematol 1993; 6: 691-709.

McNeil HP , Simpson RJ , Chesterman CN , Kreslis SA Antiphospholipid antibodies are directed against a complex antigen that includes a lipid binding inhibitor of coagulation: 3-glycoprotein I (apolipoprotein H). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990; 87: 4120-4.

Galli M. , Comfurius P. , Maassen D. et al. Anticardiolipin antibodies (ACA) directed not to cardiolipin but to a plasma protein cofactor. Lancet 1990 ; 335: 1544-7.

Oosting JD , Derksen Rhwm , Entjes Hti , Bouma BN , de Groot PhG. Lupus anticoagulant activity is frequently dependent on the presence of β2-glycoprotein I. Thromb Haemostas 1992; 67: 499-502.

Bevers EM , Galli M. , Barbui T. , Confuris P. , Zwaal Rfa. Lupus anticoagulants (gGs (LA) are not directed to phospholipids only, but to a complex of lipid-bound human prothrombin. Thromb Haemostas 1991 ; 66: 629-32.

Oosting JD, Derksen RHWM, Bobbink WG, Hackeng TM, Bouma BN, de Groot PhG. Antiphospholipid antibodies directed against a combination of phospholipids with prothrombin, protein C or protein S: an explanation for their pathogenic mechanism? Blood 1983; 81: 2618-25.

Comp PC , deBault LE , Esmon NL , Esmon CT Human thrombomodulin is inhibited by IgG from two patients with non specific anticoagulants. Blood 1983; 62: 299 (abstract).

Esmon CT , Owen WG Identification of an endothelial cell cofactor for thrombin-catalysed activation of protein C. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1981; 78: 2249-52.

Esmon CT The protein C anticoagulant pathway. Arteriosclerosis Thromb 1992; 12: 135-45.

Ishii H. , Majerus PW Thrombomodulin is present in human plasma and urine. J Clin Invest 1985; 76: 2178.

Nawroth PP , Stem DM Modulation of endothelial cell hemostatic properties by tumor necrosis factor . J Exp Med 1986; 163: 740-5.

Freyssinet JM , Gauchy J. , Cazenave JP The effect of phospholipids on the activation of protein C by human thrombin-thrombomodulin complex. Biochem J 1986; 238: 151-7.

Dählbäck B. Protein S and C4b-binding protein: components involved in the regulation of the protein C anticoagulant system. Thromb Haemostas 1991 ; 66: 49-61.

Mitchell CA , Keleman SM , Salem HH The anticoagulant properties of a modified form of protein S. Thromb Haemostas 1988; 60: 298-304.

Heeb MJ , Mesters RM , Tans G. , Rosing J. , Griffin JH Binding of protein S to factor Va associated with inhibition of prothrombinase that is independent of activated protein C. J Biol Chem 1993; 268: 2872-7.

Däh1bäck B. , Carlsson M. , Svensson PJ Familial thrombophilia due to a previously unrecognized mechanism characterized by poor anticoagulant response to protein C: prediction of a cofactor to activated protein C. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993; 90: 1004-8.

Svensson PJ , Dählbäck B. Resistance to activated protein C as a basis for venous thrombosis. New Engl J Med 1994 ; 330: 517-22.

Dählbäck B. , Hildebrand B. Inherited resistance to activated protein C is corrected by anticoagulant cofactor found to be a property of factor V. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993; 91: 1396-400.

Fenton II JW Regulation of the generation and function of thrombin. Semin Thromb, Haemostas 1988; 14: 234-40.

Hanson SR , Griffith HJ , Harker LA , Kelly AB , Esmon CT , Gruber A. Antithrombotic effects of thrombin-induced activation of endogenous protein C in primates. J Clin Invest 1993; 92: 2003-12.

Freyssinet JM , Wiesel ML , Gauchy J. , Boneu B. , Cazenave JP An IgM lupus anticoagulant that neutralizes the enhancing effect of phospholipids on purified endothelial thrombomodulin activity. A mechanism for thrombosis. Thromb Haemostas 1986; 55: 309-13.

Cariou R. , Robelem G. , Bellucci S. et al. Effect of lupus anticoagulant on antithrombotic properties of endothelial cells. Inhibition of thrombomodulin-dependent protein C activation . Thromb Haemost 1988; 60: 54-8.

Oosting JD , Derksen Rhwm , Hackeng TM et al. In vitro studies of antiphospholipid antibodies and its cofactor β2-glycoprotein I, show negligible effects on endothelial cell mediated protein C activation . Thromb haemostas 1991; 55: 666-71.

Watson KV , Schorer AE Lupus anticoagulant inhibition of in vitro prostacyclin release is associated with a thrombosis-prone subset of patients. Am J Med 1991 ; 90: 47-53.

Keeling DM , Wilson Ajg , Mackie U. , Isenberg DA , Machin SJ Role of β2-glycoprotein I and anti-phospholipid antibodies in activation of protein C in vitro. J Clin Pathol 1993; 46: 908-11.

Taskiris DA , Settas L. , Makris PE , Marbet GA Lupus anticoagulant-antiphospholipid antibodies and thrombophilia. Relation to protein C-protein S-thrombomodulin . J Rheumatol 1990; 17: 785-9.

Oosting JD , Preissner KT, Derksen RHWM, de Groot PhG. Autoantibodies directed against the epidermal growth factor-like domains of thrombomodulin inhibit protein C activation in vitro. Br J Haematol 1993; 85: 761-8.

Gibson J. , Nelson M. , Brown R. , Salem H. , Kronenberg H. Autoantibodies to thrombomodulin: development of an enzyme immunoassay and a survey of their frequency in patients with the lupus anticoagulant. Thromb Haemos 1992; 67: 607-9.

Ruiz-Argülles, Vázquez-Prado J , Tenorio-Mendoza C. Demonstration de anticuerpos naturalse antifosfolipido con reactividadanti-idiotipo de anticuerpos xenogenicos dirigidos contra la proteina C humana de la coagulation. Revista Mexicana de Rheumatologia 1989; 4: 4.

Ichikawa K. , Suzuki T. , Hashimoto Y. et al. Monoclonal antibodies to cardiolipin derived from SLE mice. Lupus 1992; 1: 239-47.

Kawakami M. , Kitani A. , Hara M. et al. Plasma thrombomodulin and α2-plasmin inhibitor-plasmin complex are elevated in active systemic lupus erythematosus . J Rheumatol 1992; 19: 1704-9.

Takay M. , Ichikawa Y. Kobayashi N. et al. Serum thrombomodulin and anticardiolipin antibodies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1991; 9: 495-9.

Kitchen S. , Malia RG , Preston FE Inhibition of protein S cofactor activity by antiphospholipid antibodies . Br J Haematol 1989; 71: 3.

Marciniak E. , Romond EH Impaired catalytic function of activated protein C: a new in vitro manifestation of lupus anticoagulant. Blood 1989; 74: 2426-32.

Lo SC , Salem HH , Howard MA , Oldmeadow MJ , Firkin BG Studies on the natural anticoagulant proteins and anticardiolipin antibodies in patients with the lupus anticoagulant. Br J Haematol 1990; 76: 380-6.

Malia RG , Kitchen S. , Greaves M. , Preston FE Inhibition of activated protein C and its cofactor S by antiphospholipid antibodies . Br J Haematol 1990 ; 76: 101-7.

Borrell M. , Sala N. , de Casrellarnau C. , Lopez S. , Gari M. , Fontcuberta J. Immunoglobulin factions isolated form patients with antiphospholipid antibodies prevent the inactivation of factor Va by activated protein C on human endothelial cells. Thromb Haemost 1992 ; 68: 268-72.

Amer L. , Kisiel W. , Searles RP , Williams RC Jr. Impairment of the protein C anticoagulant pathway in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus, anticardiolipin antibodies and thrombosis. Thromb Res 1990; 57: 247-58.

Sthoeger ZM , Sthoeger D. , Mellnick SD , Steen D. , Berrebi A. Transient anticardiolipin antibodies, functional protein S deficiency and deep vein thrombosis. Am J Hematol 1991; 36: 206-7.

Harrison RL , Alperin JB Concurrent protein C deficiency and lupus anticoagulant. Am J Haematol 1992 ; 40: 33-7.

Simioni P. , Lazzaro A. , Zanadri S. , Girolami A. Spurious protein C deficiency due to antiphospholipid antibodies. Am J Hematol 1992; 36: 299-300.

Stankiewicz AJ , Steiner M. , Lally EV , Kaplan SR Abnormally high levels of C4b binding protein and deficiency of free fraction of protein S in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus and recurrent thrombosis. J Rheumatol 1991; 18: 82-7.

Ruiz-Arguelles GJ , Ruiz-Arguelles A. , Alarcon-Segovia D. et al. Natural anticoagulants in systemic lupus erythematosus. Deficiencies of protein S bound to C4bp associated with recent history of venous thrombosis, antiphospholipid antibodies and the antiphospholipid syndrome. J Rheumatol 1991; 18: 552-8.

Parke AL , Weinstein RE , Bona RD , Maier DB , Walker FJ The thrombotic diathesis associated with the presence of phospholipid antibodies may be due to low levels of free protein S. Am J Med 1992; 93: 49-56.

Ruiz-Arguelles A. , Vazquez-Prado J. , Deleze M. et al. Presence of serum antibodies to coagulation protein C in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus is not associated with antigenic or functional protein C deficiencies. Am J Haematol 1993; 85: 761-8,

Hasselaar P. , Derksen Rhwm , Blokzijl L. et al. Risk factors for thrombosis in lupus patients. Ann Rheum Dis 1989; 48: 933-40.