Harris EN, Asherson RA, Hughes GRAntiphospholipid antibodies-autoantibodies with a difference. Ann Rev Med1988; 39: 261-71.
2.
Love PE, Snatoro SAAntiphospholipid antibodies: anticardiolipin and the lupus anticoagulant in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and in non-SLE disorders. Ann Intem Med1990; 112: 682-98.
3.
PhG De GrootJD OostingRhwm DerksenAntiphospholipid antibodies: specificity and pathophysiology. Ballière'sClin Haematol1993; 6: 691-709.
4.
McNeil HP, Simpson RJ, Chesterman CN, Kreslis SAAntiphospholipid antibodies are directed against a complex antigen that includes a lipid binding inhibitor of coagulation: 3-glycoprotein I (apolipoprotein H). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA1990; 87: 4120-4.
5.
Galli M., Comfurius P., Maassen D. et al. Anticardiolipin antibodies (ACA) directed not to cardiolipin but to a plasma protein cofactor. Lancet1990 ; 335: 1544-7.
6.
Oosting JD, Derksen Rhwm, Entjes Hti, Bouma BN, de Groot PhG.Lupus anticoagulant activity is frequently dependent on the presence of β2-glycoprotein I. Thromb Haemostas1992; 67: 499-502.
7.
Bevers EM, Galli M., Barbui T., Confuris P., Zwaal Rfa.Lupus anticoagulants (gGs (LA) are not directed to phospholipids only, but to a complex of lipid-bound human prothrombin. Thromb Haemostas1991 ; 66: 629-32.
8.
Oosting JD, DerksenRHWM, Bobbink WG, Hackeng TM, Bouma BN, de Groot PhG. Antiphospholipid antibodies directed against a combination of phospholipids with prothrombin, protein C or protein S: an explanation for their pathogenic mechanism?Blood1983; 81: 2618-25.
9.
Comp PC, deBault LE, Esmon NL, Esmon CTHuman thrombomodulin is inhibited by IgG from two patients with non specific anticoagulants. Blood1983; 62: 299 (abstract).
10.
Esmon CT, Owen WGIdentification of an endothelial cell cofactor for thrombin-catalysed activation of protein C. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA1981; 78: 2249-52.
11.
Esmon CTThe protein C anticoagulant pathway. Arteriosclerosis Thromb1992; 12: 135-45.
12.
Ishii H., Majerus PWThrombomodulin is present in human plasma and urine. J Clin Invest1985; 76: 2178.
13.
Nawroth PP, Stem DMModulation of endothelial cell hemostatic properties by tumor necrosis factor . J Exp Med1986; 163: 740-5.
14.
Freyssinet JM, Gauchy J., Cazenave JPThe effect of phospholipids on the activation of protein C by human thrombin-thrombomodulin complex. Biochem J1986; 238: 151-7.
15.
Dählbäck B.Protein S and C4b-binding protein: components involved in the regulation of the protein C anticoagulant system. Thromb Haemostas1991 ; 66: 49-61.
16.
Mitchell CA , Keleman SM, Salem HHThe anticoagulant properties of a modified form of protein S. Thromb Haemostas1988; 60: 298-304.
17.
Heeb MJ, Mesters RM, Tans G., Rosing J., Griffin JHBinding of protein S to factor Va associated with inhibition of prothrombinase that is independent of activated protein C. J Biol Chem1993; 268: 2872-7.
18.
Däh1bäck B. , Carlsson M., Svensson PJFamilial thrombophilia due to a previously unrecognized mechanism characterized by poor anticoagulant response to protein C: prediction of a cofactor to activated protein C. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA1993; 90: 1004-8.
19.
Svensson PJ , Dählbäck B.Resistance to activated protein C as a basis for venous thrombosis. New Engl J Med1994 ; 330: 517-22.
20.
Dählbäck B. , Hildebrand B.Inherited resistance to activated protein C is corrected by anticoagulant cofactor found to be a property of factor V. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA1993; 91: 1396-400.
21.
Fenton II JWRegulation of the generation and function of thrombin. Semin Thromb, Haemostas1988; 14: 234-40.
22.
Hanson SR, Griffith HJ, Harker LA, Kelly AB, Esmon CT, Gruber A.Antithrombotic effects of thrombin-induced activation of endogenous protein C in primates. J Clin Invest1993; 92: 2003-12.
23.
Freyssinet JM, Wiesel ML, Gauchy J., Boneu B., Cazenave JPAn IgM lupus anticoagulant that neutralizes the enhancing effect of phospholipids on purified endothelial thrombomodulin activity. A mechanism for thrombosis. Thromb Haemostas1986; 55: 309-13.
24.
Cariou R., Robelem G., Bellucci S. et al. Effect of lupus anticoagulant on antithrombotic properties of endothelial cells. Inhibition of thrombomodulin-dependent protein C activation . Thromb Haemost1988; 60: 54-8.
25.
Oosting JD, Derksen Rhwm, Hackeng TM et al. In vitro studies of antiphospholipid antibodies and its cofactor β2-glycoprotein I, show negligible effects on endothelial cell mediated protein C activation . Thromb haemostas1991; 55: 666-71.
26.
Watson KV, Schorer AELupus anticoagulant inhibition of in vitro prostacyclin release is associated with a thrombosis-prone subset of patients. Am J Med1991 ; 90: 47-53.
27.
Keeling DM, Wilson Ajg, Mackie U., Isenberg DA, Machin SJRole of β2-glycoprotein I and anti-phospholipid antibodies in activation of protein C in vitro. J Clin Pathol1993; 46: 908-11.
28.
Taskiris DA , Settas L., Makris PE, Marbet GALupus anticoagulant-antiphospholipid antibodies and thrombophilia. Relation to protein C-protein S-thrombomodulin . J Rheumatol1990; 17: 785-9.
29.
Oosting JD, Preissner KT, DerksenRHWM, de Groot PhG. Autoantibodies directed against the epidermal growth factor-like domains of thrombomodulin inhibit protein C activation in vitro. Br J Haematol1993; 85: 761-8.
30.
Gibson J., Nelson M., Brown R., Salem H., Kronenberg H.Autoantibodies to thrombomodulin: development of an enzyme immunoassay and a survey of their frequency in patients with the lupus anticoagulant. Thromb Haemos1992; 67: 607-9.
31.
Ruiz-Argülles, Vázquez-Prado J, Tenorio-Mendoza C.Demonstration de anticuerpos naturalse antifosfolipido con reactividadanti-idiotipo de anticuerpos xenogenicos dirigidos contra la proteina C humana de la coagulation. Revista Mexicana de Rheumatologia1989; 4: 4.
32.
Ichikawa K. , Suzuki T., Hashimoto Y. et al. Monoclonal antibodies to cardiolipin derived from SLE mice. Lupus1992; 1: 239-47.
33.
Kawakami M. , Kitani A., Hara M. et al. Plasma thrombomodulin and α2-plasmin inhibitor-plasmin complex are elevated in active systemic lupus erythematosus . J Rheumatol1992; 19: 1704-9.
34.
Takay M., Ichikawa Y.Kobayashi N. et al. Serum thrombomodulin and anticardiolipin antibodies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Exp Rheumatol1991; 9: 495-9.
35.
Kitchen S., Malia RG, Preston FEInhibition of protein S cofactor activity by antiphospholipid antibodies . Br J Haematol1989; 71: 3.
36.
Marciniak E. , Romond EHImpaired catalytic function of activated protein C: a new in vitro manifestation of lupus anticoagulant. Blood1989; 74: 2426-32.
37.
Lo SC, Salem HH, Howard MA, Oldmeadow MJ, Firkin BGStudies on the natural anticoagulant proteins and anticardiolipin antibodies in patients with the lupus anticoagulant. Br J Haematol1990; 76: 380-6.
38.
Malia RG, Kitchen S., Greaves M., Preston FEInhibition of activated protein C and its cofactor S by antiphospholipid antibodies . Br J Haematol1990 ; 76: 101-7.
39.
Borrell M., Sala N., de Casrellarnau C., Lopez S., Gari M., Fontcuberta J.Immunoglobulin factions isolated form patients with antiphospholipid antibodies prevent the inactivation of factor Va by activated protein C on human endothelial cells. Thromb Haemost1992 ; 68: 268-72.
40.
Amer L., Kisiel W., Searles RP, Williams RC Jr.Impairment of the protein C anticoagulant pathway in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus, anticardiolipin antibodies and thrombosis. Thromb Res1990; 57: 247-58.
41.
Sthoeger ZM , Sthoeger D., Mellnick SD, Steen D., Berrebi A.Transient anticardiolipin antibodies, functional protein S deficiency and deep vein thrombosis. Am J Hematol1991; 36: 206-7.
42.
Harrison RL , Alperin JBConcurrent protein C deficiency and lupus anticoagulant. Am J Haematol1992 ; 40: 33-7.
43.
Simioni P., Lazzaro A., Zanadri S., Girolami A.Spurious protein C deficiency due to antiphospholipid antibodies. Am J Hematol1992; 36: 299-300.
44.
Stankiewicz AJ, Steiner M., Lally EV, Kaplan SRAbnormally high levels of C4b binding protein and deficiency of free fraction of protein S in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus and recurrent thrombosis. J Rheumatol1991; 18: 82-7.
45.
Ruiz-Arguelles GJ, Ruiz-Arguelles A., Alarcon-Segovia D. et al. Natural anticoagulants in systemic lupus erythematosus. Deficiencies of protein S bound to C4bp associated with recent history of venous thrombosis, antiphospholipid antibodies and the antiphospholipid syndrome. J Rheumatol1991; 18: 552-8.
46.
Parke AL, Weinstein RE, Bona RD, Maier DB, Walker FJThe thrombotic diathesis associated with the presence of phospholipid antibodies may be due to low levels of free protein S. Am J Med1992; 93: 49-56.
47.
Ruiz-Arguelles A., Vazquez-Prado J., Deleze M. et al. Presence of serum antibodies to coagulation protein C in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus is not associated with antigenic or functional protein C deficiencies. Am J Haematol1993; 85: 761-8,
48.
Hasselaar P. , Derksen Rhwm, Blokzijl L. et al. Risk factors for thrombosis in lupus patients. Ann Rheum Dis1989; 48: 933-40.