Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an acquired autoimmune disease characterized by recurrent venous or arterial thrombotic events and pregnancy morbidity, with persistently presence of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL). We report three cases of central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) associated with APS.
SuvajacGStojanovichLMilenkovichS.Ocular manifestations in antiphospholipid syndrome. Autoimmun Rev2007;
6: 409–414.
3.
CerveraRPietteJ-CFontJ, et al.; Euro-Phospholipid Project Group.
Antiphospholipid syndrome: clinical and immunologic manifestations and patterns of disease expression in a cohort of 1,000 patients. Arthritis Rheum2002;
46: 1019–1027.
4.
UtzVMTangJ.Ocular manifestations of the antiphospholipid syndrome. Br J Ophthalmol2011;
95: 454–459.
5.
Franco Am deMMedinaFMCBalbiGGMLevyRASignorelliF.Ophthalmologic manifestations in primary antiphospholipid syndrome patients: a cross-sectional analysis of a primary antiphospholipid syndrome cohort (APS-Rio) and systematic review of the literature. Lupus2020;
29: 1528–1543.
6.
YehudaiDShoenfeldYToubiE.Looking into the eyes of patients with antiphospholipid syndrome. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol2007;
32: 192–197.
7.
KitzmannASPulidoJSDiehlNNHodgeDOBurkeJP.The incidence of central serous chorioretinopathy in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1980–2002. Ophthalmology2008;
115: 169–173.
8.
NkrumahGMaltsevDSManuelP-EA, et al.
Current choroidal imaging findings in central serous chorioretinopathy. Vision (Basel)2020;
4: 44.
9.
BazzaziNAhmadpanahMAkbarzadehSSeif RabieiMAHolsboer-TrachslerEBrandS.In patients suffering from idiopathic Central serous chorioretinopathy, anxiety scores are higher than in healthy controls, but do not vary according to sex or repeated Central serous chorioretinopathy. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat2015;
11: 1131–1136.
10.
HaimoviciRGragoudasESDukerJSSjaardaRNEliottD.Central serous chorioretinopathy associated with inhaled or intranasal corticosteroids. Ophthalmology1997;
104: 1653–1660.
11.
LiangZ-QHuangL-ZQuJ-FZhaoM-W.Association between endogenous cortisol level and the risk of central serous chorioretinopathy: a meta-analysis. Int J Ophthalmol2018;
11: 296–300.
12.
SmithSRJampolLM.Is “lupus choroidopathy” secondary to corticosteroid-induced Central serous chorioretinopathy?Retin Cases Brief Rep2007;
1: 7–9.
13.
CostenMTOlsonJA.Central serous chorioretinopathy may be a manifestation of the primary antiphospholipid syndrome. Br J Ophthalmol2000;
84: 667.
14.
CostenMTJParkinBTDavisonCRCrickMP.Central serous chorioretinopathy and antiphospholipid antibodies – results of a pilot study. Eye (Lond)2004;
18: 938.
15.
IaconoPTotoLElianaCVaranoMParravanoMC.Pharmacotherapy of central serous chorioretinopathy: review of the current treatments. Curr Pharm Des2018;
24: 4864–4873.
16.
ZolaMDaruichAMatetAMantelIBehar-CohenF.Two-year follow-up of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists for chronic Central serous chorioretinopathy. Br J Ophthalmol2019;
103: 1184–1189.
