Thrombotic antiphospholipid syndrome

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Radin M Schreiber K Costanzo P et al. The adjusted Global AntiphosPholipid Syndrome Score (aGAPSS) for risk stratification in young APS patients with acute myocardial infarction. Int J Cardiol 2017; 240: 72–77. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.02.155.

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Cervera R Tektonidou M Espinosa G et al. Task force on catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) and non-criteria APS manifestations (II): Thrombocytopenia and skin manifestations. Lupus 2011; 20: 174–181. doi:10.1177/0961203310395052.

Nesher G Ilany J Rosenmann D et al. Valvular dysfunction in antiphospholipid syndrome: prevalence, clinical features, and treatment. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1997; 27: 27–35.

Stojanovich L Kontic M Djokovic A et al. Pulmonary events in antiphospholipid syndrome: Influence of antiphospholipid antibody type and levels. Scand J Rheumatol 2012; 41: 223–226. doi:10.3109/03009742.2011.641580.

Andreoli L Bertsias GK Agmon-Levin N et al. EULAR recommendations for women’s health and the management of family planning, assisted reproduction, pregnancy and menopause in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and/or antiphospholipid syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis 2017; 76: 476–485. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-209770.

Tektonidou M . Identification and treatment of APS renal involvement. Lupus 2014; 23: 1276–1278. doi:10.1177/0961203314538687.

Chaturvedi S Brandao L Geary D et al. Primary antiphospholipid syndrome presenting as renal vein thrombosis and membranous nephropathy. Pediatr Nephrol 2011; 26: 979–985. doi:10.1007/s00467-011-1787-z.

Asherson RA Cervera R de Groot PG et al. Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome: international consensus statement on classification criteria and treatment guidelines. Lupus 2003; 12: 530–534. doi:10.1191/0961203303lu394oa.

Rodríguez-Pintó I Moitinho M Santacreu I et al. Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome (CAPS): Descriptive analysis of 500 patients from the International CAPS Registry. Autoimmun Rev 2016; 15: 1120–1124. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2016.09.010.

Ruiz-Irastorza G Cuadrado MJ Ruiz-Arruza I et al. Evidence-based recommendations for the prevention and long-term management of thrombosis in antiphospholipid antibody-positive patients: report of a task force at the 13th International Congress on antiphospholipid antibodies. Lupus 2011; 20: 206–18. doi:10.1177/0961203310395803.

Urbanus RT Siegerink B Roest M et al. Antiphospholipid antibodies and risk of myocardial infarction and ischaemic stroke in young women in the RATIO study: A case-control study. Lancet Neurol 2009; 8: 998–1005. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(09)70239-X.

Tektonidou MG Ioannidis JP Boki KA et al. Prognostic factors and clustering of serious clinical outcomes in antiphospholipid syndrome. QJM 2000; 93: 523–530.

Danowski A de Azedo MNL de Souza Papi JA et al. Determinants of risk for venous and arterial thrombosis in primary antiphospholipid syndrome and in antiphospholipid syndrome with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 2009; 36: 1195–1199. doi:10.3899/jrheum.081194.

Erkan D Harrison MJ Levy R et al. Aspirin for primary thrombosis prevention in the antiphospholipid syndrome: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in asymptomatic antiphospholipid antibody-positive individuals. Arthritis Rheum 2007; 56: 2382–2391. doi:10.1002/art.22663.

Arnaud L Mathian A Ruffatti A et al. Efficacy of aspirin for the primary prevention of thrombosis in patients with antiphospholipid antibodies: An international and collaborative meta-analysis. Autoimmun Rev 2014; 13: 281–291. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2013.10.014.

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Bertolaccini ML Contento G Lennen R et al. Complement inhibition by hydroxychloroquine prevents placental and fetal brain abnormalities in antiphospholipid syndrome. J Autoimmun 2016; 75: 30–38. doi:10.1016/j.jaut.2016.04.008.

Erkan D Merrill JT Yazici Y et al. High thrombosis rate after fetal loss in antiphospholipid syndrome: effective prophylaxis with aspirin. Arthritis Rheum 2001; 44: 1466–1467. doi:10.1002/1529-0131(200106)44:6<1466::AID-ART242>3.0.CO;2-C.

Quenby S Farquharson RG Dawood F et al. Recurrent miscarriage and long-term thrombosis risk: a case–control study. Hum Reprod 2005; 20: 1729–1732. doi:10.1093/humrep/deh844.

Bertsias G Ioannidis JPA Boletis J et al. EULAR recommendations for the management of systemic lupus erythematosus. Report of a Task Force of the EULAR Standing Committee for International Clinical Studies Including Therapeutics. Ann Rheum Dis 2008; 67: 195–205. doi:10.1136/ard.2007.070367.

Lim W Dentali F Eikelboom JW et al. Meta-analysis: low-molecular-weight heparin and bleeding in patients with severe renal insufficiency. Ann Intern Med 2006; 144: 673–684.

Finazzi G Marchioli R Brancaccio V et al. A randomized clinical trial of high-intensity warfarin vs. conventional antithrombotic therapy for the prevention of recurrent thrombosis in patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome (WAPS). J Thromb Haemost 2005; 3: 848–853. doi:10.1111/j.1538-7836.2005.01340.x.

Crowther MA Ginsberg JS Julian J et al. A comparison of two intensities of warfarin for the prevention of recurrent thrombosis in patients with the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. N Engl J Med 2003; 349: 1133–1138. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa035241.

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Cohen H Efthymiou M Gates C et al. Direct oral anticoagulants for thromboprophylaxis in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome. Semin Thromb Hemost 2018; 44: 427–438. doi:10.1055/s-0036-1597902.

Arachchillage DRJ Mackie IJ Efthymiou M et al. Rivaroxaban limits complement activation compared with warfarin in antiphospholipid syndrome patients with venous thromboembolism. J Thromb Haemost 2016; 14: 2177–2186. doi:10.1111/jth.13475.

ClinicalTrials.gov [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US). Rivaroxaban for patients with antiphospholipid syndrome. Available from https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02926170 (accessed 17 August 2018).

ClinicalTrials.gov [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US). Rivaroxaban in thrombotic antiphospholipid syndrome. Available from https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02157272 (accessed 17 August 2018).

Agnelli G Buller HR Cohen A et al. Oral apixaban for the treatment of acute venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 2013; 369: 799–808. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1302507.

Crowley MP Cuadrado MJ Hunt BJ . Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome on switching from warfarin to rivaroxaban. Thromb Res 2017; 153: 37–39. doi:10.1016/j.thromres.2017.03.006.

Schaefer JK McBane RD Black DF et al. Failure of dabigatran and rivaroxaban to prevent thromboembolism in antiphospholipid syndrome: a case series of three patients. Thromb Haemost 2014; 112: 947–950. doi:10.1160/TH14-03-0272.

Win K Rodgers GM . New oral anticoagulants may not be effective to prevent venous thromboembolism in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome. Am J Hematol 2014; 89: 1017–1017. doi:10.1002/ajh.23797.

Levine SR Brey RL Tilley BC et al. Antiphospholipid antibodies and subsequent thrombo-occlusive events in patients with ischemic stroke. JAMA 2004; 291: 576–576. . doi:10.1001/jama.291.5.576.

Miyakis S Lockshin MD Atsumi T et al. International consensus statement on an update of the classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). J Thromb Haemost 2006; 4: 295–306. doi:10.1111/j.1538-7836.2006.01753.x.

Molad Y Gorshtein A Wysenbeek AJ et al. Protective effect of hydroxychloroquine in systemic lupus erythematosus. Prospective long-term study of an Israeli cohort. Lupus 2002; 11: 356–361. doi:10.1191/0961203302lu203ra.

Ruiz-Irastorza G Egurbide M-V Pijoan J-I et al. Effect of antimalarials on thrombosis and survival in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2006; 15: 577–583. doi:10.1177/0961203306071872.

Schmidt-Tanguy A Voswinkel J Henrion D et al. Anti-thrombotic effects of hydroxychloroquine in primary antiphospholipid syndrome patients. J Thromb Haemost 2013; 11: 1927–1929. doi:10.1111/jth.12363.

Cervera R Group CRP . Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome (CAPS): Update from the ‘CAPS Registry’. Lupus 2010; 19: 412–8. doi:10.1177/0961203309361353.

Bazzan M Vaccarino A Stella S et al. Patients with antiphosholipid syndrome and thrombotic recurrences: A real world observation (the Piedmont cohort study). Lupus 2016; 25: 479–485. doi:10.1177/0961203315617538.

Ruiz-Irastorza G Crowther M Branch W et al. Antiphospholipid syndrome. Lancet 2010; 376: 1498–1509. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60709-X.