When rectal bleeding is serious: anal squamous cell carcinoma in two intravenous cyclophosphamide treated systemic lupus erythematosus patients with human papilloma virus infection

Abstract

Anal squamous cell carcinoma is a potentially fatal disease. Human papilloma virus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted disease worldwide and is responsible for almost all cases of anal cancer. Immunocompromised patients are at increased risk of developing anal dysplasia and malignancies. A lack of awareness of HPV-associated anal malignancies in the immunocompromised may lead to a delay in diagnosis and confer a poor prognosis