The lupus clinic at University College Hospital has been established since January 1978. It was started by Michael Snaith and has been responsible for the long-term care of over 500 patients. I have been involved with the clinic since July 1979 and in this article offer some thoughts about the complexities of managing systemic lupus erythematosus.
Isenberg DA, Snaith MLMuscle disease in SLE: a study of its nature, frequency and cause . J Rheumatol1981; 8: 917-924.
2.
Isenberg DAImmunoglobulin deposition in skeletal muscle in primary muscle disease . Quart J Med1983; 52: 297-310.
3.
Shoenfeld Y. , Isenberg DA, Rauch J., et al. Idiotypic cross reactions of monoclonal human lupus autoantibodies. J Exp Med1983 ; 158: 718-730.
4.
Isenberg DA, Shoenfeld Y., Schwartz RSMultiple serological reactions and their relationship to clinical activity in systemic lupus erythematosus; a study of 56 patients. Arthritis Rheum1984; 27: 132-138.
5.
Isenberg DA, Shoenfeld Y., Madaio MP, et al. Anti-DNA antibody idiotypes in SLE. Lancet1984; 2: 417-422.
6.
Moss K., Ioannou Y., Sultan SM, Haq I., Isenberg DAOutcome of a cohort of 300 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus attending a dedicated clinic for over two decades. Ann Rheum Dis2002; 61: 409-413.
7.
Chambers SA, Raine R., Rahman A., Isenberg DAWhy do patients with systemic lupus erythematosus take or fail to take their prescribed medication. A qualitative study in a UK cohort. Rheumatology2009; 48: 266-271.
8.
Adler M., Chambers S., Edwards C., Neild G., Isenberg DAAn assessment of renal flare in an SLE cohort with special reference to ethnicity; over a 25 year period. Rheumatology2006; 45: 1144-1147.
9.
Watts RA, Ravirajan CT, Staines NA, Isenberg DAA human fetal monoclonal DNA-binding antibody shares idiotypes with fetal and adult murine monoclonal DNA binding antibodies. Immunology1990; 69: 348-354.
10.
Ehrenstein M., Longhurst C., Isenberg DAProduction and isotype switching of monoclonal anti-DNA antibodies from SLE patients. Clin Exp Immunol1993; 92: 39-45.
11.
Isenberg DA , Spellerberg M., Williams W., Griffiths M., Stevenson F.Identification of a role for the 9G4 idiotope in systemic lupus erythematosus. Brit J Rheum1993; 32: 876-882.
12.
Ehrenstein MR, Longhurst CM, Latchman DS, Isenberg DAThe serologic and genetic characterization of a human monoclonal IgG anti-DNA idiotype. J Clin Invest1994; 93: 1787-1797.
13.
Ravirajan CT , Harmer I., Hohmann A., Mackworth-Young C., Isenberg DAPhospholipid binding specificities and idiotype expression of hybridoma derived monoclonal autoantibodies from splenic cells of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus . Am Rheum Dis1995; 54: 471-476.
14.
Kalsi JK, Martin ACR, Hirabayashi Y., et al. Functional and modelling studies of the binding of human monoclonal antibodies to DNA. Mol Immunol1996; 33: 471-487.
15.
Ravirajan CT , Sarrat CE, Anilkumar TV, Golding MCH, Alison MR, Isenberg DAAn analysis of apoptosis in lymphoid organs and lupus disease in murine systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Exp Immunol1996; 105: 306-312.
16.
Flores-Borja F., Kabouridis PS, Jury EC, Isenberg DA, Mageed RADecreased Lyn expression and translocation to lipid raft signalling domains in B-lymphocytes from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum2005; 52: 3955-3965.
17.
Jury EC, Eldridge J., Isenberg DA, Kabouridis PSAgrin signalling contributes to cell activation and is over expressed in T lymphocytes from lupus patients. J Immunol2007; 179: 7475-7481.
18.
Flores-Borja F., Kabouridis PS, Jury EC, Isenberg DA, Mageed RAAltered lipid-raft associated proximal signalling and translocation of CD45 tyrosine phosphate in B-lymphocytes from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum2007; 56: 291-302.
19.
Leandro MJ, Edwards JC, Cambridge G., Ehrenstein MR, Isenberg DAAn open study of B lymphocyte depletion in systemic lupus erythematosus . Arthritis Rheum2002; 46: 2673-2677.
20.
Leandro MJ, Cambridge G., Edwards JC, Ehrenstein MR, Isenberg DAB cell depletion in the treatment of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a longitudinal analysis of 24 patients. Rheumatology2005; 44: 1542-1545.
21.
Edwards JC, Szczepanski L., Szechiniski J.Efficacy of B-cell targeted therapy with rituximab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med2004; 350: 25722-25781.
22.
Lu TYT , Ng K., Cambridge G., et al. A retrospective seven year analysis of the use of B cell depletion therapy in systemic lupus erythematosus at University College London Hospital . The first fifty patients. Arthritis Care Res2009; 61: 482-487.
23.
Rahman A., Isenberg DASytemic lupus erythematosus - mechanisms of disease. N Engl J Med2008; 358: 929-939.
24.
Tsou BPThe genetics of human lupus. In: Wallace DJ , Hahn BH (eds), Dubois’ lupus erythematosus, 7th edn. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Williams; 2007. p. 54-82.
25.
Webb R., Merrill JT, Kelly JA, et al. A polymorphism within IL21R confers risk for systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum2009; 60: 2402-2407.
26.
Chambers SA , Charman SC, Rahman A., Isenberg DADevelopment of autoimmune disease in a multi-ethnic cohort of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus with reference to damage and mortality. Ann Rheum Dis2007; 66: 1123-1127.
27.
Stoll T., Sutcliffe N., Mach J., Kilaghofer R., Isenberg DAAnalysis of the relationship between disease activity and damage in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus - a 5 year prospective study. Rheumatology2004; 43: 1039-1044.
28.
Petri M.Hopkins Lupus Cohort - 1999 Update. In: Petri M (ed.) Systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatic disease clinics of North America. WB Saunders; 2000 , 26, 199-213.
29.
Taylor J., Skan J., Erb N., et al. Lupus patients with fatigue - is there a link with fibromyalgia syndrome?Rheumatology2000; 39: 620-623.
30.
Hay EM, Bacon PA, Gordon C., et al. The BILAG index: a reliable and valid instrument for measuring clinical disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus. Q J Med1993; 86: 447-458.
31.
Ramsey-Goldman R., Isenberg DASystemic lupus erythematosus measures . Arthritis Care Res2003; 49: S225-233.
32.
Yee CS, Farewell V., Isenberg DA, et al. British Isles Lupus Assessment Group 2004 index is valid for assessment of disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum2007; 56: 4113-4119.
33.
Gladman D., Ginzler E., Goldsmith C., et al. The development and initial validation of the systemic lupus international collaborating clinics/American College of Rheumatology damage index for systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum1996; 39: 363-369.
34.
Houssiau FAEarly response to immunosuppressive therapy predicts good renal outcome in lupus nephritis: lessons from long term follow up of patients in the Euro-Lupus Nephritis Trial. Arthritis Rheum2004; 50: 3934-3940.
35.
Lawman S., Ehrenstein MRMany paths lead to lupus. Lupus2002 ; 11: 801-806.
36.
Elkon KB, Marshak-Rothstein A.B cells in systemic autoimmune disease: recent insights from Fas-deficient mice and men. Curr Opin Immunol1996; 8: 852.
37.
Arbuckle MR , McClain MT, Rubertone MV, et al. Development of autoantibodies before the clinical onset of systemic lupus erythematosus . N Engl J Med2003; 349: 1526-1533.
38.
Furie R., Rovin B., Appel G., et al. Effect of rituximab (RTX) on anti dsDNA and C3 levels and relationship to response: results from the LUNAR trial. Arthritis Rheum2009; 60: 899.
39.
Favas C., Isenberg DAB cell depletion therapy for SLE. Nature Clin Rev Rheumatol2009; 5: 711-716.