Viruses and lupus: the viral hypothesis

1 James JA Neas BR Moser KL . Systemic lupus erythematosus in adults is associated with previous Epstein-Barr virus exposure. Arthritis Rheum 2001; 44: 1122 – 1126 .

2 Moon UY Park SJ Oh ST . Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus have abnormally elevated Epstein-Barr virus load in blood. Arthritis Res Ther 2004; 6: R295 – 302 .

3 Perl A . Role of endogenous retroviruses in autoimmune diseases. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2003; 29: 123 – 143 .

4 Adelman MK Marchalonis JJ . Endogenous retroviruses in systemic lupus erythematosus: candidate lupus viruses. Clin Immunol 2002; 102: 107 – 116 .

5 Seve P Ferry T Koenig M Cathebras P Rousset H Broussolle C . Lupus-like presentation of parvovirus B19 infection. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2005; 34: 642 – 648 .

6 Loizou S Cazabon JK Walport MJ Tait D So AK . Similarities of specificity and cofactor dependence in serum antiphospholipid antibodies from patients with human parvovirus B19 infection and from those with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 1997; 40: 103 – 108 .

7 Diaz F Collazos J Mendoza F . Systemic lupus erythematosus associated with acute parvovirus B19 infection. Clin Microbiol Infect 2002; 8: 115 – 117 .

8 Hemauer A Beckenlehner K Wolf H Lang B Modrow S . Acute parvovirus B19 infection in connection with a flare of systemic lupus erythematosus in a female patient. J Clin Virol 1999; 14: 73 – 77 .

9 Ramos-Casals M Font J Garcia-Carrasco M . Hepatitis C virus infection mimicking systemic lupus erythematosus: study of hepatitis C virus infection in a series of 134 Spanish patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 2000; 43: 2801 – 2806 .

10 Ramos-Casals M Font J . Extrahepatic manifestations in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2005; 17: 447 – 455 .

11 Drake WP Byrd VM Olsen NJ . Reactivation of systemic lupus erythematosus after initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. J Clin Rheumatol 2003; 9: 176 – 180 .

12 Haas M Kaul S Eustace JA . HIV-associated immune complex glomerulonephritis with “lupus-like” features: a clinicopathologic study of 14 cases. Kidney Int 2005; 67: 1381 – 1390 .

13 Hazarika I Chakravarty BP Dutta S Mahanta N . Emergence of manifestations of HIV infection in a case of systemic lupus erythematosus following treatment with IV cyclophosphamide. Clin Rheumatol 2006; 25: 98 – 100 .

14 Lodato F Tame MR Colecchia A . Systemic lupus erythematosus following virological response to peginterferon alfa-2b in a transplanted patient with chronic hepatitis C recurrence. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 1226: 4253 – 4255 .

15 Danesh FR Lynch P Kanwar YS . Lupus membranous glomerulonephritis mimicking hepatitis C-associated nephropathy. Am J Kidney Dis 2002; 39: E19 .

16 Ramos-Casals M Jara LJ Medina F . HISPAMEC Study Group. Systemic autoimmune diseases co-existing with chronic hepatitis C virus infection (the HISPAMEC Registry): patterns of clinical and immunological expression in 180 cases. J Intern Med 2005; 257: 549 – 557 .

17 Akimoto M Matsushita K Suruga Y . Clinical manifestations of human T lymphotropic virus type I-infected patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 2007; 34: 1841 – 1848 .

18 Kluger N Boutboul D Molinari E . [Acute hepatitis during primary herpes simplex type 2 infection in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus] Ann Dermatol Venereol 2007; 134: 369 – 373 .

19 Rappaport KD Tang WM . Herpes simplex virus type 2 acute retinal necrosis in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. Retina 2000; 20: 545 – 546 .

20 Totani Y Demura Y Ameshima S Miyamori I Ishizaki T . [A case of lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia with Sjogren’s syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus in which human herpes virus-6 infection was the suspected pathogen] Nihon Kokyuki Gakkai Zasshi 2001; 39: 763 – 769 .

21 Yum HK Kim ES Ok KS Lee HK Choi SJ . Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis associated with Epstein-Barr virus in systemic lupus erythematosus and Sjogren’s syndrome. Complete remission with corticosteriod and cyclophosphamide. Korean J Intern Med 2002; 17: 198 – 203 .

22 Takei M Yamakami K Mitamura K Kitamura N Matsukawa Y Sawada S . A case of systemic lupus erythematosus complicated by alveolar hemorrhage and cytomegalovirus colitis. Clin Rheumatol 2007; 26: 274 – 277 .

23 Shahnaz S Choksi MT Tan IJ . Bilateral cytomegalovirus retinitis in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus and end-stage renal disease. Mayo Clin Proc 2003; 78: 1412 – 1415 .

24 Vilaichone RK Mahachai V Eiam-Ong S Kullavanuaya P Wisedopas N Bhattarakosol P . Necrotizing ileitis caused by cytomegalovirus in patient with systemic lupus erythematosus: case report. J Med Assoc Thai 2001; 84: S469 – 473 .

25 Ikura Y Matsuo T Ogami M . Cytomegalovirus associated pancreatitis in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 2000; 27: 2715 – 2717 .

26 Tokunaga Y Takenaka K Asayama R Shibuya T . Cytomegalovirus-induced interstitial pneumonitis in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. Intern Med 1996; 35: 517 – 520 .

27 Wilson LE Widman D Dikman SH Gorevic PD . Autoimmune disease complicating antiviral therapy for hepatitis C virus infection. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2002; 32: 163 – 173 .

28 Diri E Lipsky PE Berggren RE . Emergence of systemic lupus erythematosus after initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy for human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Rheumatol 2000; 27: 2711 – 2714 .