Letter To the Editor: Autonomic dysfunction in autoimmune diseases: consequence or cause?

Stojanovich L. , Milovanovich B. , de Luka SR et al. Cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction in systemic lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, primary Sjogren syndrome and other autoimmune diseases. Lupus 2007; 16: 181—185.

Hocevar A. , Tomsic M. , Praprotnik S. et al. Parasympathetic nervous system dysfunction in primary Sjogren's syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis 2003; 62: 702—704.

Haensch CA , Jorg J. Autonomic dysfunction in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol 2006; 253: 3—9.

Maule S. , Quadri R. , Mirante D. et al. Autonomic nervous dysfunction in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA): possible pathogenic role of autoantibodies to autonomic nervous structures. Clin Exp Immunol 1997; 110: 423—427.

Sternberg EM Neuroendocrine regulation of autoimmune/inflammatory disease. J Endocrinol 2001; 169: 429—435.

Tonelli L. , Webster JI , Rapp KL et al. Neuroendocrine responses regulating susceptibility and resistance to autoimmune/inflammatory disease in inbred rat strains. Immunol Rev 2001; 184: 203—211.

Eskandari F. , Webster JI , Sternberg EM Neural immune pathways and their connection to inflammatory diseases. Arthritis Res Ther 2003; 5: 251—265.

Shepherd AJ , Downing JE , Miyan JA Without nerves, immunology remains incomplete - in vivo veritas. Immunology 2005; 116: 145—163.

Wrona D. Neural-immune interactions: an integrative view of the bidirectional relationship between the brain and immune systems. J Neuroimmunol 2006; 172: 38—58.

Berczi I. Neuroimmune biology — an introduction. In Berczi I , Gorezynski RM eds. New foundation of biology. Elsevier Science, 2001: 3—45.

Schauenstein K. , Rinner I. , Felsner P. et al. The dialogue between the brain and immune system involves not only the HPA-axis. Z Rheumatol 2000; 59: 49—53.

Tracey KJ The inflammatory reflex. Nature 2002; 420: 853—859.

Tracey KJ Physiology and immunology of the cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway. J Clin Invest 2007; 117: 289—296.

Gallowitsch-Puerta M. , Pavlov VA Neuro-immune interactions via the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. Life Sci 2007; 80: 2325—2329.

Borovikova LV , Ivanova S. , Nardi D. et al. Vagus nerve stimulation attenuates the systemic inflammatory response to endotoxin. Nature 2000; 405: 458—462.

Guarini S. , Altavilla D. , Cainazzo MM et al. Efferent vagal fibre stimulation blunts nuclear factor-kappaB activation and protects against hypovolemic hemorrhagic shock. Circulation 2003; 107: 1189—1194.

van Westerloo DJ , Giebelen IA , Florquin S. et al. The vagus nerve and nicotinic receptors modulate experimental pancreatitis severity in mice. Gastroenterology 2006; 130: 1822—1830.

van Westerloo DJ , Giebelen IA , Florquin S. et al. The cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway regulates the host response during septic peritonitis. J Infect Dis 2005; 191: 2138—2148.

Mabley JG , Pacher P. , Southan GJ et al. Nicotine reduces the incidence of type I diabetes in mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002; 300: 876—881.

Patel GK , Rhodes JR , Evans B. et al. Successful treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum with topical 0.5% nicotine cream. J Dermatolog Treat 2004; 15: 122—125.

Burkhart CG , Burkhart CN The use of nicotine in dermatology revisited . Int J Dermatol 2001; 40: 731—732.

Metz CN , Tracey KJ It takes nerve to dampen inflammation. Nat Immunol 2005; 6: 756—757.

Tracey KJ Fat meets the cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway. J Exp Med 2005; 202: 1017—1021.

Bernik TR , Friedman SG , Ochani M. et al. Pharmacological stimulation of the cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway. J Exp Med 2002; 195: 781—788.

Ulloa L. The vagus nerve and the nicotinic anti-inflammatory pathway. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2005; 4: 673—684.

Luyer MD , Greve JW , Hadfoune M. et al. Nutritional stimulation of cholecystokinin receptors inhibits inflammation via the vagus nerve. J Exp Med 2005; 202: 1023—1029.