This report, based upon a study tour made in 1967, attempts to give an overall picture of German librarianship today. The emphasis is upon libraries in universities, although notice is taken of those in other learned and research institutions. After general remarks on the three-tier staff structure and its implications, some account is given of education for librarianship and the part played by library schools. An outline follows of the "routine" side of library work, including such topics as accessions and exchanges, access to stock, cataloguing and classification, and service to readers. Under the section on book-stock the relative prosperity of German libraries is underlined, and the problem of multiple copies of texts is briefly discussed. Some attempt is then made to assess the merits of the German system of book-selection. After a note on the State Libraries the role of the union catalogues is investigated. The next section deals with the debated problem of the relationship between the main university library and institute libraries. The article closes with some information about the role of computers in German librarianship. Supporting bibliographical references are provided throughout, and three appendices are added.
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References
1.
See Appendix A to this present article.
2.
Empfehlungen des Wissenschaftsrates zum Ausbau der wissenschaftlichen Einrichtungen, Tell II. [Tübingen], I964, 6I-62.
3.
Langstadt, E.Some notes on staff and administration of German university libraries. J. Dor., 17 (4) December 1961, 230. The whole paper (2I5-232) is essential reading.
4.
Mackenzie, A.G.A new university prospect. III: Service, staffing, equipment and methods in the new university. Aslib Pror., 17 (4) 1965, 112-118.
5.
For more information about both professional levels see Langstadt, art. cit., and Roux-Fouillet, P. Les écoles de formation professionnelle en Allemagne. Bull. d'Inf. Assn. Bibl. Fr., (50) March I966, I3-I7. See also the Jahrbuch der Deutschen Bibliotheken. Hrsg. vom Verein Deutscher Bibliothekare. Jahrg. 42. Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz, I967, 2I5-222 and 396-439 (an invaluable reference book).
6.
Langstadt, p. 2I5.
7.
The Druckzwang is still not universal in Germany. On this and related points see Bengeser, G. Doktorpromotion in Deutschland: Begriff, Gescbichte,. gegenwärtige Gestalt. Bonn, Verlag Hochschul-Dienst, I964, and Sauter; H. Dissertationentausch. Mitteilungsblatt (Bochum), I7 (4) I October I967, 2I9-234. On another aspect of exchanges see Busse, G. von. Zur Entstehung der Tausch- und Beschaffungsstelle für ausländische Literatur im Jahre I949. In Lissberger, E. and others. In libro humanitas: Festschrift für Wilhelm Hoffmann. Stuttgart, Klett-Verlag, I962, 83-93.
8.
For a recent German discussion see Schmidt, W. Offene Buchbestände in Universal-bibliotheken. In Wagner, E. Aktuelle Probleme der Bibliotheksverwaltung: Festgabe Hermann Fuchs. Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz, I966, I25-I42.
9.
Reflections of a British university librarian on recent trends in Western Germany. Libri, I6 (I) I966, I3.
10.
See Appendix B to this present article.
11.
See the Instruktionen für die alphabetischen Kataloge der Preusstschen Bibliotheken, 1899. 2. Ausg., I908, Nachdruck. Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz, I966, and the Kommentar by H. Fuchs. 4. Aufl. Harrassowitz, I966; the Regeln für die alphabetische Katalogisierung: Teilentwurf. [Based on the IFLA, I96I, rules.] Hrsg. von dcr Kommission ... des Vereins Deutscher Bibliothekare. Frankfurt am Main, Klostermann, I965; Schürfeld, C. Kurzgefasste Regeln für die alphabetische Katalogisierung an Institutsbibliotheken. 2. Aufl. Bonn, Bouvier, I966.
12.
Abbruch, Neuaufbau und Umarbeitung alphabetischer Kataloge: Ergebnisse und Folgerungen aus einer Umfrage. Köln, Greven Verlag, I964.
13.
Friedman, J.E., and Jeffreys, A.E.Cataloguing and classification in British university libraries. SheffieldPostgraduate School of Librarianship, 1967.
14.
See the mimeographed Wissenschaftliche Dienste der Verwaltung des Deutschen Bundestages. Bonn, I966, 2I. In the English version, Research services ..., I8, "Körperschaften-Katalog" is rendered "Companies' Catalogue"! See also Gülich, W. Die Bibliothek des Instituts für Weltpolitik: Voraussetzung und Grundlagen weltwirtschaftlicher Forschung. Jena, Fischer, I939.
15.
See Lohmann, O. The subject-cataloguing of the contents of periodicals as a task of comprehensive libraries. Libri, I7 (2) I967, 95-I03. On the many other activities of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft see the annual Bericht, Bad Godesberg; Aufbau und Aufgaben. 7. Aufl. Wiesbaden, Steiner, I966; Schmidt, W., and Oertel, D. Fünfzehn Jahre Bibliotheksarbeit ... 1949-1964, Frankfurt am Main, Klostermann, I966; and Jahrbuch der Deutschen Bibliotheken, ed. cit., I967, 225-234. See also Honoré, S. L'organisation des bibliothèques en Allemagne fédérale: le rôle de la Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. Bull. d'Inf. Assn. Bibl. Fr., (50) March I966, 8-II.
16.
Guttsman, W.L.Learned libraries in Germany: more prosperous than Britain. Times Educ. Supp., (2601) 26 March 1965, 928.
17.
Danton, J.P.Book selection and collections: a comparison of German and American university libraries. Columbia Univ. Press, 1963 , 103. Unless otherwise specified cited hereafter simply as "Danton".
18.
Lib. Q., 37 (3) July I967, 29I-292. According to Miss Kraft, Germany lost 3,600,000 books from its university and technical libraries (34% of the collections) or, if the city and state libraries are included, I3,000,000. Her authority was Redenbacher, F. Die Erwerbung. In Milkau, F. Handbuch der Bibliothekswissenschaft. 2. Aufl., hrsg. von G. Leyh. Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz, 2, I96I, I72, I74. Danton (98 and I0I) quoted a figure of c. 4,000,000 volumes for West German university libraries. According to the Stifterverband für die Deutsche Wissenschaft, "About 70 university, state and municipal libraries suffered a total loss of II.I million volumes, not counting those totally destroyed". Scientific and academic life in the Federal Republic of Germany. Rev. ed. Essen, I963, I47. In I95I F. W. J. Heuser had quoted an estimate that "twenty-two million volumes were lost, about one third of the total number of books". German university and technical [scil. university] libraries. New York, I95I, I0. Heuser's figure may have covered also East Germany.
19.
Tucker, P.E.Book selection in academic libraries: lecture given at the Association's U.C. and R. Section's conference, London, 1968. Unpublished typescript, 6-7.
20.
a Cf. the cogent reply to Kraft by H. Lenneberg, Lib. Q., 38 (3) July 1968, 286-290.
21.
The most recent survey of textbook collections seems to be that by Köttelwesch, C. Die Lehrbuchsammlungen in deutschen Bibliotheken. Zeitschrift für Bibliothekswesen und Bibliographie, I4 (2) I967, 73-82. On undergraduate libraries see Schulz, W. Studentenbüchereien in Deutschland. Ibid., 7(2) I960, II0-I26, and Kehr, W. Studentenbücherei und Hochschulbibliothek: zur Frage der "core collections" in deutschen Studentenbüchereien und Hochschulbibilotheken. In the Fuchs Festgabe (Wagner, op. cit.), 62-8I.
22.
See note I7 above. See also the review by B. S. Page. J. Doc., 20 (I) March I964, 37-38, and Danton's article. The subject specialist in national and university libraries, with special reference to book selection. Libri, I7 (I) I967, 42-58.
23.
See especially Busse, G. von, Libri, I4 (I) I964, 62-75 (a review article), and Wehmer, C. The organization and origins of German university libraries. Lib. Trends, I2 (4) April I964, 49I-5I2 (especially 506-509).
24.
Danton, I55.
25.
For the background to the present and the previous paragraphs see Langstadt, art. cit., 227-232, and Danton, 35-43.
26.
See Appendix C to this present article.
27.
Tucker, 3. My italics.
28.
See Jahrbuch der Deutschen Bibliotheken, ed. cit., I967, 229-234, and Oertel, D. Sondersammelgebiete und Fachbibliotheken im System der überregionalen Literaturversorgung. Narh. Dok., I8 (5) I967, I70-I74. The early pioneers of subject specialization are honoured by Widmann, H. Zur Vorgeschichte der Sondersammelgebiete der deutschen wissenschaftlichen Bibliotheken. Libri, I7 (2) I967, 73-85. Marburg University has a notable Canadian collection, but this is due to a private donor. See the mimeographed Karalog der Kanada-Bibliothek. [Marburg, I963].
29.
Garside, art. cit., I2-I3.
30.
See Burton, M. Famous libraries of the world: their history, collections and administrations. Grafton, I937, I65-I68. This book describes also Göttingen (I89-206), Leipzig (207-22I) and the Herzog-August-Bibliothek at Wolfenbüttel (222-242). The history of Gottingen ("inaccurate in some details, and now rather out of date", Danton, I48) should be supplemented by Danton (I4-I7, I46-I47 et passim), that of Wolfenbüttel by Newman, L. M. Leibniz (I646-I7I6) and the German library scene. Lib. Assn., I966, and Beaucamp, E. Wo Casanova zum Philosophen wurde. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, (I73) 29 July I967.
31.
The Library began in I659 as the Churfürstliche Bibliothek and has borne several names since. See Esdaile, A. National libraries of the world: their history, administration and public services. 2nd ed. by F. J. Hill. Lib. Assn., I957, 98-I20. See also the publications of the Westdeutsche Bibliothek, Marburg. Aufbau und Entwicklung, I946-I949. I950, and Jahresbericht, 1950/51-1959/60. I0 vols. I95I-6I.
32.
The article by Beer, B. Die fehlende Nationalbibliothek: die Arbeit der Stiftung Preussischer Kulturbesitz. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, (I79) 5 August I967, includes photograph of model of new building.
33.
See Jahrbuch der Deutschen Bibliotheken, ed. cit., I967, 209-2I2 and 490-493.
34.
Recent developments and future trends within the German library system. In White, C. M. Bases of modern librarianship. Pergamon, I964, 99.
35.
See Köttelwesch, C. Vom Frankfurter Sammelkatalog zum Hessischen Zentralkatalog. In the Fuchs Festgabe (Wagner, op. cit.), 92-I0I. The special catalogue drawers, made by Herbert Zippel of Altdorf bei Nürnberg. are described (97-98 and plate facing 96).
36.
See Kiefert, H. J. Der Niedersächsische Zentralkitalog, I956-I966. Ibid., 82-9I, and Ahlfeld, R. Die Verfilmung des Göttinger alphabetischen Bandkataloges für den Niedersächsischen Zentralkatalog. Zeitschrift für Bibl. u. Bibliog., 8 (I) I96I, 22-32.
37.
See Krüger, K. Hochschul- und Technische Informationsbibliothek in Hannover. Die Bauverwaltung, I5 (I) January I966, 20-27; Tehnzen, J. The Technical Information Library in Hannover. Systems and Communications, 3 (I) January I967, 30-3I; and Vesper, E. Die Technische Informationsbibliothek Hannover als zentrale Fachbibliothek für Technik. Zeitschrift für Bibl. u. Bibliog., I4 (I) I967, I5-22. On German library resources for technological education see also Kaegbein, P. The Technological University Library in Berlin. Lib. Assn. Rec., 70 (7) July I968, I74-I76, and his bibliography. In mimeographed report of short visit made by 8 British librarians G. H. Wright describes the Technische Hochschule, Munich, the Technische Universität, Berlin, besides other libraries in those towns and in Bonn, Cologne and Frankfurt. He appends model budgets for a university library and a technical university library. German study tour. Hatfield, [Herts, I964]. The latter budget is reprinted in his Technical library and information service in techntcal colleges. Association of Technical Institutions, I968, I4-I6. On the Technische Hochschule in Stuttgart see the Festschrift, Die Bibliothek der Technischen Hochschule, Stuttgart. I962, and Harrison, K. C. Impressions of West German libraries. Lib. World, 66 (776) February I965, I9I-I95.
38.
See Newman, op. cit., and Beaucamp, art. cit.
39.
See Zunker, E. Die Bedeutung regionaler Zentralkataloge fiir das Erfassungsgebiet: am Beispiel des Zentralkataloges ... des Landes Baden-Württemberg dargestellt. In the Hoffmann Festschrift (Lissberger, op. cit.), I5I-I64, and Zunker. Der Zentralkatalog und seine Leute. Zeitschrift fur Bibl. u. Bibliog., I3 (I) I966, I-I5. See also Koschorreck, W. Das gegenwärtige Bild des deutschen Leihverkehrs von einer Universitätsbibliothek (Heidelberg) aus gesehen, and Werhahn, H. M. Statistische Beobachtungen zu den Leihverkehrsbestellungen einer Universitätsbibliothek [also Heidelberg]. Bibliothek und Wissenschaft, I, I964, 66-I07, and 2, I965, 204-220, respectively.
40.
Danton, 44 and 57.
41.
See his chap. iii in particular. He provides detailed documentation (I56-7). The debate continues. See, e.g., articles in the Mitteilungsblatt (Bochum), N.F. I6 (3) August I966, I-I0 (Wallach, K. S.); I7 (3) July I967, I3I-I57 (Grunwald, W., and Pflug, G.) [on Bielefeld]; I7 (4) October I967, 264-27I (Vorberg, H., and Wallach); I8 (I) January 1968, 24-39 (Krieg, W.), 39-50 (Lohse, H.) [Bielefeld]; I8. (2) May I968, 93-III (Stoltzenburg, J.) [Bielefeld].
42.
Danton, 48.
43.
Danton, 55. The whole simile should be read. Other new university libraries apart from Bochum have attempted in various ways to tidy up the garden. See note 40 above on Bielefeld and the contributions to the 55th Deutscher Bibliothekartag held in Nürnberg on Regensburg, Bochum, Bremen and Constance. Zeitschrift für Bibl. u. Bibliog., I2 (5/6) I965, 284-3I4.
44.
See Vogt, H. Die automatisierte Katalogisierung von Zeitschriften und Serien ... in Göttingen. Ibid., I4 (3) I967, I35-I42, and a forthcoming Sonderheft in the same periodical on accessioning by computer.
45.
See Köster, K.The use of computers in compiling national bibliographies, illustrated by the example of the 'Deutsche Bibliographie' . Libri, 16 (4) 1966, 269-281, and Coward, R.E.A new look in national bibliographies: some implications of the use of computers with special reference to the 'Deutsche Bibliographic'. Lib. Assn. Rec., 69 (9) September 1967, 310-313. On the Deutsche Bibliothek itself see Köster , K.Die Deutsche Bibliothek, 1945-1965: Festgabe für Hanns Wilhelm Eppelsheimer. Frankfurt am Main, Klostermann, 1966.
46.
See, e.g., Ostrem, W.M.The Ruhr University Library. Wilson Lib. Bull., 41 (4) December 1966, 418-420.
47.
Bossmeyer, C. and others. Die automatisrerte Buchausleibe: Erfabrungen in der Universrtätsbibliothek Bochum. Bochum, Universitätsbibliothek, I967. Mimeographed.
48.
See his many publications, e.g. Das bibliothekarische System einer Universität. In Wenke, H., and Knoll, J. H. Festschrift zur Eröffnung der Universität Bochum. Bochum, Kamp, I965, 9I-I00; Probleme der elektronischen Datenverarbeitung in Bibliotheken. Libri, I5 (I) I965, 35-49; Der Einfluss der elektronischen Datenverarbeitung auf die Katalogisierungspraxis. In the Fuchs Festgabe (Wagner, op. cit.), III-I24; and Mechanisierung und Automatisterung in amerikanischen Bibliotheken: Eindrücke einer Studienreise deutscher Bibliothekare, hrsg. von Pflug. Frankfurt am Main, Klostermann, I967. These are in addition to those cited in the Jahrbuch der Deutschen Bibliotheken, ed. cit., I967, 33. See also his forthcoming paper in Aslib Proc. on automation at Bochum and Elektronische Datenverarbeitung in der Universitätsbibliothek Bochum, hrsg. von Pflug und B. Adams. Bochum, Schürmann & Klagges, I968 (with English summary). See also note 50 below.
49.
Cf. the title of an anonymous article, Ein Wohnort für Bucher: die Bibliothek in Wolfenbüttel, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, (30) 4 February I967. R. Engelsing regrets the tendency to treat a library as a mere service station. Das wissenschaftliche Bibliothekswesen in Westdeutschland. Libri, I4 (4) I964, 30I-329.
50.
On the public and education libraries visited see my articles in Lib. Assn. Rec., 70 (9) September I968, 230-233, and Educ. Libs. Bull., (32) Summer I968, I9-24, respectively. On learned libraries the following references are also worth consulting: (BIBLIOGRAPHICAL) Frank, J. The German library pattern: a British view. Lib. Assn. Rec., 69 (4) April I967, I20-I23.-(GENERAL) Busse, G. von. West German library developments since 1945. Washington, Library of Congress, I962; Juchhoff, R. The living tradition of the university and research libraries in Germany. In White, C. M. Bases of modern librarianship. Pergamon, I964, 80-90; Raux, H. F. Quelques notes sur les bibliothèques d'étude en Allemagne. Bull. d'Inf. Assn. Bibl. Fr., (50) March I966, I9-24; Verner, M. Librarianship in Western Germany. J. Lib. Hist., 2 (2) April I967, I44-I5I; Francis, Sir F. The scholar as librarian. Times Lit. Supp., 67 (3445) 7 March I968, 225; Busse, G. von & Ernestus, H. Das Bibliothekswesen der Bundesrepublik Deutschland: eine Einführung. Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz, I968. (A major work.)—(ADMINISTRATION) Fuchs, H. Bibliotheksverwaltung. 2. Aufl. Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz, I968.—(BUILDINGS) Stromeyer, R. Europäische Bibliotheksbauten seit 1930: Lösungen und Mögliehkeiten der Anlage und der Bestandsunterbringung. Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz, I962; Zabel, K. J., and others. [Library buildings.] Architektur und Wohnform, 73 (7) October I965, 35I-395.—(INDIVIDUAL INSTITUTIONS) Verband Deutscher Studentenschaftcn. Deutscher Hochschulfübrer, '66/67. 42. Aufl. Bonn, Verlag Hochschul-Dienst, [I966].—(LIBRARY ASSOCIATIONS) Young, J. D. A short history of library associations in Germany. Lib. Assn. Rec., 69 (I2) December I967, 422-426.
51.
Pflug's forthcoming paper cited in note 47 above has now appeared: Experiences and problems of Electronic data processing encountered by the University of Bochum Library. Aslib Proc., 20 (II) November I968, 492-495 (Aslib Conference Paper).
