Abstract
Devices for generating light by the passage of an electric current through a solid are now available in types having luminances ranging from 20-20 000 cd/m2. They are sufficiently adaptable and efficient to meet the requirements of many special applications, particularly those where space is limited. The paper discusses such applications, found mostly in the field of electronic display, in relation to device characteristics. Compared with conventional lamps, solid state sources are essentially low power devices. The development of sources which are sufficiently powerful for normal lighting purposes is not foreseen, but there is likely to be further evolution of special purpose devices and the paper concludes by indicating possible lines of development.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Round, H.J.
, Electrical World , 19 , 309 (1907 ).
2.
Lossev, O.V.
, Telegrafia i Telefornia , 18 , 61 (1923 ).
3.
Lossev, O.V.
, Phil. Mag. , 6 , 1024 (1928 ).
4.
Lossev, O.V.
, Physic Z. , 34 , 397 (1933 ).
5.
Lossev, O.V.
, C.R. Acad. Sci. USSR , 19 , 360 (1940 ).
6.
Lehovec, K.
,
Accardo, C.A.
, and
Jamgochian, E.
Phys. Rev. , 83 , 603 (1951 ).
7.
Lehovec, K.
,
Accardo, C.A.
, and
Jamgochian, E.
, Phys. Rev. , 89 , 20 (1953 ).
8.
Destriau, G.
, J. Chim. Phys. , 33 , 587 (1936 ).
9.
Ranby, P.W.
, Elect. Times , 144 , 272 (1963 ).
10.
Vecht, A.
, and
Werring, N.J.
, Brit. J. Appl. Phys. , 3 , 105 (1970 );
Vecht, A.
,
Werring, N.J.
,
Ellis, R.
, and
Smith, P.J.F.
, J. Phys. D., 3 , L65 (1970 ).
11.British Patent Specification No. 1039 714 (1966 ).
12.
Wolff, G.A.
Herbert, R.A.
, and
Broder, J.D.
, Phys. Rev. , 100 ,1144 (1955 ).
13.
Allen, J.W.
, and
Mackintosh, I.M.
, J. Elect. , 1 , 138 (1955 ); also Proc. Phys. Soc. , B68 , 985 (1955 ).
14.
Braunstein, R.
, Phys. Rev. , 99 , 1892 (1955 )
15.
Keyes, R.J.
, and
Quist, T.M.
, Proc. IRE , 50 ,1822 (1962 )
16.
Baroev, T.R.
,
Eliseev, P.E.
, and
Siukaev, N.V.
, Sov. Phys. Semiconductors ( 1971 ).
17.
Kressel, H.
,
Hawrylo, F.Z.
, and
Almeich, N.
, J. Appl. Phys. , 40 , 2248 (1969 )
18.
Dingle, R.
, and
Ilegems, M.
, Solid State Commn. , 9 , 175 (1971 ).
19.
Cunningham, R.B.
,
Brander, R.W.
,
Knee, N.D.
, and
Wickenden , D.K.
, J. Luminescence , 5 , 21 (1972 ).
20.
Piper, W.W.
, and
Williams, F.E.
, Solid state physics, Advances in research and applications (eds.
Seitz
and
Turnbull
) (1958 ).
21.
Henisch, H.K.
, Electroluminescence , (Pergamon Press , London ) (1962 ); also Rep. Prog. Phys. , 27 , 369 (1964 ).
22.
Ivey, H.F.
, Advances in electronics and electron physics, (Suppl. 1)—Electroluminescence and related effects , (Spon , London ) (1963 ).
23.
Fischer, A.G.
,
Schrader, R.E.
, and
Larach, S.
, Photoelectronic materials and devices , ed.
S. Larach
, (1 -99 , Van Nostrand , New York ) (1965 ).
24.
Fischer, A.G.
, Luminescence of inorganic solids , ed.
P. Goldberg
, 541 -602 , Academic Press , New York (1966 ).
25.
Moorhead, F.F.
, Physics and chemistry of II-VI compounds , eds.
M.Aven
and
J. S. Prener
, (613 -656 , New Holland , Amsterdam ) (1967 ).
26.
Thornton, P.R.
, Physics of electroluminescent devices , Spon , London (1967 ).
27.
Geusic,J.E.
,J.Appl. Phys.
42 ,1958 (1971 )
28.
Van Vechtan, J.A.
, and
Bergstrasser , T.K.
, Phys. Rev.
Bl , 3351 (1970 ).
29.
Mears, A.L.
,
Parker, J.
, and
Sarginson, R.W.
, ESSDERC Conference , 1972 .
30.
Apgar, W.D.
,
Duffy, W.M.
,
Elder, H.E.
, and
Fraley, P.E.
, Proc. IEEE Conf. Display Devices (New York ) 48 (1970 ).
31.
Konnerth, K.L.
, and
Shah, B.R.
, IEEE Spectrum , 7 ,37 (1970 ).
32.
Rowland, M.C.
, and
Bottomley, R.C.
, Brit. Comm. and Elect. , 12 , 90 (1965 ).
33.
Miller, A.S.
, and
Vitkus, P.L.
, J.S.M.P.T.E. , 79 , 330 (1970 .
34.
Todkill, A.
and
Brander, R.W.
, Int. J. Elect. , 26 , 153 (1969 ).
35.
Saxman, E.J.
,
Fahy, T.
, and
Steele, G.N.
, Nav. Res. Rev. (USA), 23 , 6 (1970 ).
36.
Goldberg, P.
, and
Nickerson, J.W.
, J. Appl. Phys. , 34 , 1601 (1963 )
37.
Thornton, W.A.
, Electrochem.Abstr. , 13 , 76 .
38.
Freer, W.G.
, ESSDERC Conference , 1972 .
39.
Yoshiyama, M.
,
Kawarda, H.
, and
Sato, T.
, IEEE Com, Gn. , 3 , 19 (1970 ).
40.
Anderson, D.E.
, and
Swisher, R.L.
, Nav. Res. Rev (USA), 23 , 17 (1970 ).
41.
Fischer, A.G.
, IEEE Trans. El. Dev. , ED18 , 802 (1971 ).
42.
Bergh, A.A.
, and
Dean, P.J.
, Proc.IEEE
60 , 156 (1972 ).