Helichrysum simillimum is native to South Africa. It is used for the treatment of coughs, colds, fever, infections, headache, and menstrual pain. Extracts of this species showed mutagenic effects in the Salmonella/microsome assay. The aim of this study was to isolate and determine the mutagenic constituents of H. simillimum. Bioassay-guided fractionation of 90% aqueous methanol extracts, using Salmonella typhimurium TA98, led to the isolation of the flavonol kaempferol.
1 Barcelos GRM Shimabukuro F Mori MP Maciel MAM Cólus IMS . Evaluation of mutagenicity and mutagenicity of cashew stem bark methanolic extract in vitro. J Ethnopharmacol2007; 114: 268–273.
2.
2 Elgorashi EE Taylor JLS Maes A de Kimpe N van Staden J Verschaeve L . The use of plants in traditional medicine: potential genotoxic risks. S Afr J Bot2002; 68: 408–410.
3.
3 Elgorashi EE Taylor JLS Maes A van Staden J De Kimpe N Verschaeve L . Screening of medicinal plants used in South African traditional medicine for genotoxic effects. Toxicol Lett2003; 143: 195–207.
4.
4 Taylor JLS Elgorashi EE Maes A Van Gorp U De Kimpe N van Staden J . Investigating the safety of plants used in South African Traditional medicine: testing for genotoxicity in the micronucleus and alkaline comet assays. Environ Mol Mutagen2003; 42: 144–154.
5.
5 Reid KA Maes J Maes A van Staden J De Kimpe N Mulholland DA . Evaluation of the mutagenic and antimutagenic effects of South African plants. J Ethnopharmacol2006; 106: 44–50.
6.
6 Kassie K Parzefall W Musk S Johnson I Lamprecht G Sontag G . Genotoxic effects of crude juices from Brassica vegetables and juices and extracts from phytopharmaceutical preparations and spices of cruciferous plants origin in bacterial and mammalian cells. Chem Biol Interact1996; 102: 1–16.
7.
7 Schimmer O Kruger A Paulini H Haefele F . An evaluation of 55 commercial plant extracts in the Ames mutagenicity test. Pharmazie1994; 49: 448–451.
8.
8 Marques RCP de Medeiros SRB da Silva Dias C Barbosa-Filho JM Agnez-Lima LF . Evaluation of the mutagenic potential of yangambin and the hydroalcoholoc extract of Octea duckei by the Ames test. Mutat Res2003; 536: 117–120.
9.
9 Asekun OT Grierson DS Afolayan AJ . Characterization of essential oils from Helichrysum odoratissimum using different drying methods. J Appl Sci2007; 7: 1005–1008.
10.
10 Van Vuuren SF Viljoen AM van Zyl RL van Heerden FR Baser KHC . The antimicrobial, antimalarial and toxicity profiles of helihumulone, leaf essential oil and extracts of Helichrysum cymosum (L.) D. Don. S Afr J Bot2006; 72: 287–290.
11.
11 Wollenweber E Steven JF Ivancic M . Flavonoids aglycones and a thiophene derivative from Helichrysum cassianum. Phytochemistry1998; 47: 1441–1443.
12.
12 Süzgec S Meriçli AH Houghton PJ Çubukçu B . Flavonoids of Helichrysum compactum and their antioxidant and antibacterial activity. Fitoterapia2005; 76: 269–272.
13.
13 Mathekga ADM Meyer JJM Horn MM Drewes SE . An acylated phloroglucinol with antimicrobial properties from Helichrysum caespititium. Phytochemistry2000; 53: 93–96.
14.
14 Rosa A Deiana M Atzeri A Corona G Incanti A Melis MP . Evaluation of the antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of arzanol, a prenylated α-pyrene-phloroglucinol etherodimer from Helichrysum italicum subsp. Microphyllum. Chem Biol Interac2007; 165: 117–126.
15.
15 Stafford GI Jäger AK van Staden J . Activity of traditional South African sedative and potentially CNS-acting plants in the GABA-benzodiazepine receptor assay. J Ethnopharmacol2005; 100: 210–215.
16.
16 Tepe B Sokmen M Akpulat HA Sokmen A . In vitro antioxidant activities of the methanol extracts of four Helichrysum species from Turkey. Food Chem2005; 90: 685–689.
17.
17 Aslan M Orhan DD Orhan N Sezik E Yesilada E . In vivo antidiabetic and antioxidant potential of Helichrysum plicatum ssp. Plicatums in streptozotocin-induced-diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol2007; 109: 54–59.
18.
18 Appendino G Ottino M Marquez N Bianchi F Giana A Ballero M . Arzanol, an anti-inflammatory and anti-HIV-1 phloroglucinol α-pyrone from Helichrysum italicum ssp. Microphyllum. J Nat Prod2007; 70: 608–612.
19.
19 Lall N Hussein AA Meyer JJM . Antiviral and antituberculous activity of Helichrysum melanacme constituents. Fitoterapia2006; 77: 230–232.
20.
20 Mabry TJ Markham KR Thomas MB . The systematic identification of Flavonoids.New York: Springer-Verlag; 1970.
21.
21 Maron DM Ames BN . Revised method for the Salmonella mutagenicity test. Mutat Res1983; 113: 173–215.
22.
22 Niering P Michels G Wätjen W Ohler S Steffan B Chovolou Y . Protective and detrimental effects of kaempferol in rat H4IIE cells: Implication of oxidative stress and apoptosis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol2005; 209: 114–122.
23.
23 Ohran I Küpeli E Terzioğlu S Yesilada E . Bioassay-guided isolation of kaempferol-3-O-β-D-galactoside with anti-inflammtory and antinociceptive activity from the aerial part of Calluna vulgaris. J Ethnopharmacol2007; 114: 32–37.
24.
24 Anderson D Dobryńska MM Başaran N Başaran A Yu T-W . Flavonoids modulate comet assay responses to food mutagens in human lymphocytes and sperms. Mutat Res1998; 402: 269–277.
25.
25 Cea GFA Etcheberry KFC Dulout FN . Induction of micronuclei in mouse bone-marrow cells by the flavonoid 5,3’,4’trihydroxy-3,6,7,8-tetramethoxyflavone (THTMF). Mutat Res1983; 119: 339–342.
26.
26 Carver JH Carrano AV MacGreger JT . Genetic effects of the flavonols quercetin, kaempferol, and galangin on Chinese hamster ovary cells. Mutat Res1983; 113: 45–60.
27.
27 Choi JS Park KY Moon SH Rhee SH Young HS . Antimutagenic effect of plant flavonoids in the Salmonella assay system. Arch Pharmacal Res1994; 17: 71–75.
28.
28 Edenharder R Grünhage D . Free radical scavenging abilityies of flavonoids as mechanism of protection against mutagenicity induced by tert-butyl hydroperoxide or cumene hydroperoxide in Salmonella typhimurium TA 102. Mutat Res2003; 540: 1–18.
29.
29 Ogawa S Hirayama T Sumida Y . Enhancement of the mutagenicity of 2-acetylaminofuorene by flavonoids and the structural requirements. Mutat Res1987; 190: 107–112.
30.
30 Krizkoyá L Nagy M Polónyi J Ebringer L . The effect of flavonoids on ofloxacin-induced mutagenicity in Euglena gracilis. Mutat Res1998; 416: 85–92.
31.
31 Ruf AA Webb J Anderson D . Modulation by flavonoids of the effects of a food mutagen in different thalassaemia genotypes in the comet assay. Teratog Carcinog Mutagen2003; (Suppl. 2): 93–102.
32.
32 Dobrzyńska MM Baumgartner A Anderson D . Antioxidants modulate thyroid hormone- and noradrenaline- induced DNA damage in human sperm. Mutagenesis2004; 19: 325–330.
33.
33 Leung HW-C Lin C-J Hour M-J Yang W-H Wang M-Y Lee H-Z . Kaempferol induces apoptosis in human lung non-small carcinoma cells accompanied by an induction of antioxidant enzymes. Food Chem Toxicol2007; 45: 2005–2013.
34.
34 Sharma V Joseph C Ghosh S Agarwal A Mishra MK Sen E . Kaempferol induces apoptosis in glioblastoma cells through oxidative stress. Mol Cancer Therap2007; 6: 2544–2553.
35.
35 Seung MO Yeon PK Kyu HC . Biphasic effects of kaempferol on the estrogenicity in human breast cancer cells. Arch Pharmacal Res2006; 29: 354–362.
36.
36 Kim J-D Liu L Guo W Meydani M . Chemical structure of flavonols in relation to modulation of angiogenesis and immune-endothelial cell adhesion. J Nutr Biochem2006; 17: 165–176.
37.
37 Hoensch HP Kirch W . Potential role of flavonoids in the prevention of intestinal neoplasia: a review of their mode of action and their clinical perspective. Int J Gastrointesl Cancer2005; 35: 187–196.
