McCarthy (1995) is critical of our approach in reconstructing Roman impact from mainly palynological evidence. Here we address McCarthy's concerns and comment upon his observations, suggesting that there is a wider lesson to be learnt from this northern English example and that greater collaboration between archaeologists and palaeoenviron mentalists is still needed to resolve the dichotomy between offsite palyno logical and onsite archaeological studies.
Austen, P.S.1994: Recent excavations on Hadrian's Wall at Burgh-by-Sands . Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquaries and Archaeological Society64, 35-54.
2.
Baillie, M.G.L.1991: Suck-in and smear: two related chronological problems for the 1990s. Journal of TheoreticalArchaeology2, 12-16.
3.
Barber, K.E.1981: Peat stratigraphy and climatic change: a palaeoecological test of the theory of cyclic peat bog regeneration. Rotterdam : Balkema.
4.
Barber, K.E. and Twigger, S.N.1987: Late Quaternary palaeoecology of the Severn Basin. In Gregory, K.J., Lewin, J. and Thornes, J.B., editors, Palaeohydrology in Practice, Chichester : Wiley and Sons, 217-51.
5.
Barber, K.E., Chambers, F.M., Maddy, D., Stoneman, R. and Brew, J.S.1994: A sensitive high resolution record of late Holocene climatic change from a raised bog in northern England. The Holocene4, 198-205.
6.
Barber, K.E., Dumayne, L. and Stoneman, R.E.1993: Climatic change and human impact during the late Holocene in northern Britain. In Chambers, F.M., editor, Climate change and human impact on the landscape. London: Chapman and Hall, 225-36.
7.
Bennett, J.1990: The setting, development and function of the Hadrianic frontier in Britain. University of Newcastle. PhD thesis.
8.
Boyd, W.E.1984: Environmental change and Iron Age land management in the area of the Antonine Wall central Scotland: A summary. Glasgow Archaeological Journal12, 75-81.
9.
— 1985: Palaeobotanical evidence from Mollins. Britannia19, 37-48. Breeze, D.J.1981: Demand and supply on the northern frontier. In Clack, P. and Haselgrove, C., editors, Rural settlement in the Roman north, Durham : Council for British Archaeology Report 3, 148-65.
10.
— 1985: Roman forces and native populations. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries for Scotland 115, 223-28.
11.
Clack, P.A.G.1982: The northern frontier: farmers in the military zone. In Miles, D., editor, The Romano-British countryside, Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, British Series103, 377-402.
12.
Clack, P.A.G. and Gosling, P.F.1976: Archaeology in the north: report of the northern archaeological survey, London: H.M.S.O.
13.
Dickson, C.1989: The Roman army diet in Britain and Germany. Archaeobotanisk, Dissertationes Botanicae133, 135-54.
14.
Dumayne, L.1992: Late Holocene palaeoecology and human impact on the environment of northern Britain. University of Southampton, PhD thesis.
15.
Dumayne, L. and Barber, K.E.1994: The effect of the Romans on the environment of northern Britain: pollen data from three sites close to Hadrian's Wall. The Holocene4, 165-73.
16.
Dumayne, L., Stoneman, R.E., Barber, K.E. and Harkness, D.D.1995: Problems associated with correlating calibrated radiocarbon-dated pollen diagrams with historical events. The Holocene5, 118-24.
17.
Edwards, K.J.1979: Palynological and temporal inference in the context of prehistory, with special reference to the evidence from lake and peat deposits. Journal of ArchaeologicalScience6, 255-70.
18.
— 1991: Using space in cultural palynology: The value of the off-site pollen record. In Harris, D.R. and Thomas, K.D., editors, Modelling ecological change: perspectives from neoecology, palaeoecology and archaeology . London: Institute of Archaeology , 61-74.
19.
— 1993: Models of mid Holocene forest farming for north west Europe . In Chambers, F.M., editor, Climate change and human impact on the landscape, London : Chapman and Hall, 133-44.
20.
Edwards, K.J. and MacDonald, G.M.1991: Holocene palynology II: Human influence and vegetation change. Progress in PhysicalGeography15, 364-91.
21.
Feachem, R.W.1973: Ancient agriculture in the highland of Britain. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society39, 332-53.
22.
Ferrell, G.1995: Space and society: New perspectives on the Iron Age of north-east England. In Hill, J.D. and Cumberpatch, C.G., editors, Different Iron Ages: studies on the Iron Age in temperate Europe, Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, International Series602, 129-47.
23.
Flynn, P. and McCarthy, M.1994: High Crosby. Carlisle, Cumbria. Past: The Newsletter of the Prehistoric Society17, 5-6.
24.
Fowler, P.J.1983: The farming of prehistoric Britain, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
25.
Gates, T.1982: Farming on the frontier: Romano-British fields in Northumberland . In Clack, P. and Haselgrove, C., editors, Rural settlement in the Roman north , Durham: Council For British Archaeology Research Report 3, 21-41.
26.
Hanson, W.S. and Macinnes, L.1981: Forests, forts and fields: A discussion. Scottish Archaeological Forum12, 98-113.
27.
Higham, N.J.1981: The Roman impact upon rural settlement in Cumbria. In Clack, P. and Haselgrove, C., editors, Rural settlement in the Roman north , Durham: Council for British Archaeology Research Report3, 105-22.
28.
— 1986: The northern counties to 1,000 ADLondon: Longman.
29.
— 1987: Landscape and land use in northern England: a survey of agricultural potential, c. 500 BC-AD 1000. Landscape History9, 35-43.
30.
— 1989: Roman and native north of the Tees: Acculturation and its limitations. In Barrett, J.C., Fitzpatrick, A.P. and Macinnes, L., editors, Barbarians and Romans in north-west Europe , Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, International Series471, 153-72.
31.
Hingley, R.1989: Rural settlement in Roman Britain. London: Seaby.
32.
Knights, B.A., Dickson, C., Dickson, J.H. and Breeze, D.J.1983: Evidence concerning the Roman military diet at Bearsden, Scotland, in the 2nd century AD. Journal of Archaeological Science10, 139-52.
33.
Limbrey, S.1987: Farmers and farmland: aspects of Prehistoric land use in the Severn Basin. In Gregory, K.J., Lewin, J. and Thornes, J.B. , editors, Palaeohydrology in Practice, Chichester: Wiley and Sons, 251-67.
34.
Mason, D.J.P.1988: 'Prata Legionis' in Britain. Britannia19, 163-89.
35.
McCarthy, M.R.1995: Archaeological and environmental evidence for the Roman impact on vegetation near Carlisle, Cumbria. The Holocene5, 491-95.
36.
Middleton, R., editor, 1990: North West Wetland Survey Annual Report, 1990. Lancaster : English Heritage.
37.
—, editor, 1991: North West Wetland Survey Annual Report, 1991. Lancaster: English Heritage .
38.
—, editor, 1993: North West Wetland Survey Annual Report, 1993. Lancaster: English Heritage .
39.
—, editor, 1994: North West Wetland Survey Annual Report, 1994. Lancaster: English Heritage .
40.
Millett, M.1990: The Romanisation of Britain: an essay in archaeological interpretation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
41.
Piggott, S.1958: Native economies and the Roman occupation of northern Britain. In Richmond, I.A., editor, Roman and native in northern Britain, Edinburgh: Nelson, 1-27.
42.
Ramsay, S.1995: Woodland clearance in West-Central Scotland During the Past 3000 years. University of Glasgow, unpublished PhD thesis. Topping, P.1989: Early cultivation in Northumberland and the Borders. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society55, 161-79.
43.
Turner, J.1975: The evidence for land use by prehistoric farming communities: The use of three-dimensional pollen diagrams. In Evans, J.G., Limbrey, S. and Cleere, H., editors, The effect of man on the landscape: The highland zone, Durham: Council For British Archaeology Research Report11, 86-95.
44.
Veen, M. van der1992: Crop Husbandry Regimes - An Archaeology Study of Farming in Northern England 1000 BC-AD 500, Sheffield: J.R. Collis Publications, Department of Archaeology and Prehistory, University of Sheffield.
45.
Wiltshire, P.E.J.1992: Interim palynological report from Birdoswald Roman fort and Appletree Turf Wall, Cumbria, London: English Heritage, Ancient Monuments Laboratory Report 3/92.