Moreno Glacier has been consistently advancing during a period of general glacier retreat this century, and has repeatedly dammed an arm of Lago Argentino. The most recent episode of ice-dam failure and catastrophic lake drainage occurred in 1988. However, the recent periodicity of this behaviour has now been interrupted, and the current characteristics of the terminus suggest a future retreat. Because of the nature of calving dynamics, such a retreat would be rapid and irreversible in the short term. Neighbouring Ameghino Glacier, after almost a century of near-stagnation, commenced calving in a newly formed proglacial lake in about 1967 and then retreated 3 km at a mean rate of 334myr-1 for the next nine years in a fashion analagous to that predicted for Moreno Glacier. The behaviour of these glaciers cannot be related directly to regional climate trends; terminus response is more closely controlled by the interplay between calving dynamics and topography. Calving is therefore a potentially significant factor in glacio-climatic reconstruction, even in 'terrestrial' settings.
Agostini, A.M. de1945: Andes Patagonicos, second edition. Buenos Aires: Guillemo kraft.
2.
Alley, R.B.1991: Sedimentary processes may cause fluctuations of tidewater glaciers. Annals of Glaciology15, 119-24.
3.
Aniya, M.1992: Glacier variations in the Northern Patagonia Icefield, Chile, between 1985/86 and 1990/91. Bulletin of Glacier Research10, 53-60.
4.
Aniya, M. and Enomoto, H.1986: Glacier variations and their causes in the Northern Patagonia Icefield, Chile, since 1944. Arctic and Alpine Research18(3), 307-16.
5.
Aniya, M., Naruse, R., Shizukuishi, M., Skvarca, P. and Casassa, G.1992: Monitoring recent glacier variations in the Southern Patagonia Icefield, utilizing remote sensing data. International Archives ofPhotogrammetry and Remote Sensing29(B7), 87-94.
6.
Aniya, M. and Skvarca, P.1992: Characteristics and variations of Upsala and Moreno glaciers, southern Patagonia. Bulletin of Glacier Research10, 9-23.
7.
Batterson, MJ, Liverman, D.G.E. and Kirby, B.E.1993: Glacial lake development and marine inundation, Deer Lake area, Newfoundland, Canada: topographically controlled deglaciation of an interior basin. Journal of QuaternaryScience8(4), 327-37.
8.
Brazier, V., Owens, I.F., Soons, J.M. and Sturman, A.P.1992: Report on the Franz Josef Glacier. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie86, 35-49.
9.
Broecker, W.S. and Denton, G.H.1990: The role of ocean-atmosphere reorganisations in glacial cycles. Quaternary Science Reviews9, 305-41.
10.
Brown, C.S., Meier, M.F. and Post, A.1982: Calving speed of Alaska tidewater glaciers with applications to the Columbia Glacier, Alaska. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 1258-C.
11.
Clapperton, C.M.1993a: Quaternary geology and geomorphology of South America . Amsterdam: Elsevier.
12.
— 1993b: Glacier readvances in the Andes at 12500-10000yrBP: Implications for mechanism of Late-glacial climatic change. Journal of Quaternary Science8(3), 197-215.
13.
Clapperton, C.M. and Sugden, D.E.1988: Holocene glacier fluctuations in South America and Antarctica . Quarternary Science Reviews7, 185-98.
14.
Funk, M. and Röthlisberger, H.1989: Forecasting the effects of a planned reservoir which will partially flood the tongue of Unteraargletscher in Switzerland. Annals of Glaciology13, 76-81.
15.
Glazovsky, A.F., Macheret, Y.Y., Moskalevsky, M.Y. and Jania, J.1991: Tidewater glaciers of Spitsbergen. International Association of Hydrological Sciences Publication208, 229-39.
16.
Grove, J.M.1988: The Little Ice Age. London: Methuen.
17.
Hansen, J. and Lebedeff, S.1987: Global trends of measured surface air temperature . Journal of Geophysical Research, 92(D11), 13345-72.
18.
Harper, J.T.1993: Glacier terminus fluctuations on Mount Baker, Washington, USA, 1940-1990, and climatic variations. Arctic and Alpine Research25(4), 332-40.
19.
Hauthal, R.1899: Erforschung der Glazialerscheinungen Südpatagoniens . Berlin: Globus.
20.
Heim, A.1951: Informe sobre un estudio Glaciologico en el Parque Nacional Los Glaciares. Administración General De Parques Nacionales : Publicación Oficial.
21.
Hillaire-Marcel, C., Occhietti, S. and Vincent, J.-S.1981: Sakami moraine, Quebec: a 500km-long moraine without climatic control. Geology9, 210-14.
22.
Hughes, TJ1987: Ice dynamics and deglaciation models when ice sheets collapsed . In W.F. Ruddiman and H.E. Wright, Jr, editors, North America and adjacent oceans during the last deglaciation, Boulder, CO: Geological Society of America, The Geology of North America, Volume K-3, 183-220.
23.
Jones, P.D. and Briffa, K.R.1992: Global surface air temperature variations during the twentieth century: Part 1, spatial, temporal and seasonal details. The Holocene2, 165-79.
24.
Jones, P.D., Raper, S.C.B. and Wigley, T.M.L.1986: Southern hemisphere surface air temperature variations: 1851-1984. Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology25, 1213-30.
25.
Kadota, T., Naruse, R., Skvarca, P. and Aniya, M.1992: Ice flow and surface lowering of Tyndall Glacier, southern Patagonia. Bulletin of Glacier Research10, 63-68.
26.
Kirkbride, M.P.1993: The temporal significance of transitions from melting to calving termini at glaciers in the central Southern Alps of New Zealand . The Holocene3(3), 232-40.
27.
Letréguilly, A.1988: Relation between the mass balance of western Canadian mountain glaciers and meteorological data. Journal of Glaciology34(116), 11-18.
28.
Liss, C.C.1970. Der Morenogletscher in der Patagonischen Kordillere . Zeitschrift für Gletscherkunde und Glazialgeologie6, H.1-2, 161-80.
29.
Lliboutry, L.1953: More about advancing and retreating glaciers in Patagonia . Journal of Glaciology2(13), 168-72.
30.
— 1956: Nieves y Glaciares de Chile: Fundamentos de GlaciologiaSantiago: Universidad de Chile .
31.
Mann, D.H.1986: Reliability of a fjord glacier's fluctuations for palaeoclimatic reconstructions. Quaternary Research25, 10-24.
32.
Mayo, L.R.1988: Advance of Hubbard Glacier and closure of Russell Fjord, Alaska - environmental effects and hazards in the Yakutat area. US Geological SurveyCircular1016, 4-16.
33.
Meier, M.F. and Post, A.1987: Fast tidewater glaciers. Journal of Geophysical Research92(B9), 9051-58.
34.
Mercer, J.H.1968: Variations of some Patagonian glaciers since the Late-Glacial . American Journal of Science266, 91-109.
35.
— 1976: Glacial history of southernmost South America. Quaternary Research6, 125-66.
36.
— 1982: Holocene glacier variations in southern South America . Striae18, 35-40.
37.
Moreno, F.P.1899: Explorations in Patagonia. Geographical Journal14,241-69,353-78.
38.
Naruse, R., Skvarca, P., Kadota, T. and Koizumi, K.1992: Flow of Upsala and Moreno glaciers, southern Patagonia . Bulletin of Glacier Research10, 25-32.
39.
Nichols, R.L. and Miller, M.M.1951: Glacial geology of Ameghino Valley, Lago Argentino, Patagonia . Geographical Review41, 274-94.
40.
Nichols, R.L. and Miller, M.M.1952: Advancing glaciers and nearby simultaneously retreating glaciers. Journal of Glaciology2, 41-50.
41.
Pelto, M.S. and Warren, C.R.1991: Relationship between tidewater glacier calving velocity and water depth at the calving front. Annals of Glaciology15, 115-17.
42.
Post, A.1975: Preliminary hydrography and historic terminal changes of Columbia Glacier, Alaska. US Geological Survey Hydrological Investigations Atlas HA-559.
43.
Powell, R.D.1991: Grounding-line systems as second-order controls on fluctuations of tidewater termini of temperate glaciers. In Anderson, J.B. and Ashley, G.M., editors, Glacial marine sedimentation: palaeoclimatic significance . Boulder, CO: Geological Society of America Special Paper 261, 75-93.
44.
Teller, J.T.1987: Proglacial lakes and the southern margin of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. In Ruddiman, W.F. and Wright, H.E., Jr., editors, North America and adjacent oceans during the last deglaciation. Boulder, CO, Geological Society of America, The Geology of North America, Volume K-3, 39-69.
45.
Trabant, D.C., Krimmel, R.M. and Post, A.1991: A preliminary forecast of the advance of Hubbard Glacier and its influence on Russell Fiord, Alaska. US Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 90-4172.
46.
Warren, C.R.1991: Terminal environment, topographic control, and fluctuations of West Greenland glaciers. Boreas20, 1-15.
47.
— 1992: Iceberg calving and the glacioclimatic record. Progress in Physical Geography16(3), 253-82.
48.
— 1993: Rapid recent fluctuations of the calving San Rafael Glacier, Chilean Patagonia: climatic or non-climatic? Geografiska Annaler75A(3), 111-25.
49.
Warren, C.R., Glasser, N.F. and Greene, D.R.1994: Upsala Glacier, Patagonia: rapid calving retreat in freshwater . Annals of Glaciology (in press).
50.
Warren, C.R. and Rivera, A.1994: Non-linear response of calving glaciers: a case study of Pio XI Glacier. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural , in press.
51.
Warren, C.R. and Sugden, D.E.1993: The Patagonian Icefields: a glaciological review . Arctic and Alpine Research25(4), 316-31.
