A compilation of Holocene glacial advances throughout the world is compared with summer solar insolation integrated over the Northern Hemisphere and the magnitudes of global acid fallout from volcanic eruptions north of 20°S*** estimated from the acidity signal of annual ice layers in the Crëte and Camp Century ice cores in Greenland. Correlation analysis between glacial advances versus volcanic eruptions yielded a correlation coefficient of r = 0.71. A ‘climatic forcing’ curve (solar insolation and volcanic eruptions weighted 1:1) versus glacial advances increased the correlation coefficient to r = 0.90. This suggests that the combined effect of volcanic aerosols and orbital-related Northern Hemisphere summer insolation may have been the primary forcing mechanism of worldwide climate and glacier fluctuations throughout the Holocene.
Baillie, M.G.L.1989: Hekla 3: How big was it?Endeavor, New Series13, 78–81.
2.
Baldwin, B., Pollack, J.B., Summers, A., Toon, O.B., Sagan, C. and Van Camp, W.1976: Stratospheric aerosols and climatic change. Nature236, 551–55.
3.
Berger, A.L.1978: Long-term variations of caloric insolation resulting from the Earth's orbital elements. Quaternary Research9, 139–67.
4.
Bradley, R.S.1978: Volcanic dust influence on glacier mass balance at high latitudes. Nature271, 736–38.
5.
Bradley, R.S.1985: Quaternary paleoclimatology. Methods of paleoclimatic reconstruction. Boston: Allen & Unwin.
6.
Bradley, R.S.1987: The explosive volcanic eruption record in Northern Hemisphere temperature records. In Berger, W.H. and Labeyrie, L.D., editors, Abrupt climatic change. D. Reidel Publishing Company, 59–60.
7.
Bradley, R.S.1988: The explosive volcanic eruption signal in Northern Hemisphere continental temperature records. Climatic Change12, 221–43.
8.
Broecker, W.S. and Denton, G.H.1989: The role of ocean-atmosphere reorganizations in glacial cycles. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta53, 2465–2501.
9.
Broecker, W.S. and Denton, G.H.1990: The role of ocean-atmosphere reorganizations in glacial cycles. Quaternary Science Reviews9, 305–11.
10.
Calkin, P.E.1988: Holocene glaciation of Alaska (and adjoining Yukon Territory, Canada). In Davis, P.T. and Osborn, G. editors, Holocene glacier fluctuations. Quaternary Science Reviews7, 159–84.
11.
Clapperton, C.M. and Sugden, D.E.1988: Holocene glacier fluctuations in South America and Antarctica. In Davis, P.T. and Osborn, G., editors, Holocene glacier fluctuations. Quaternary Science Reviews 7, 185–98.
12.
COHMAP members1988: Climatic change of the last 18 000 years: observations and model simulations. Science241, 1043–1052.
13.
Dansgaard, W., Clausen, H.B., Gundestrup, N., Hammer, C.U., Johnsen, S.J., Kristinsdottir, P.M. and Keen, N.1982: A new Greenland deep ice core. Science218, 1273–77.
14.
Dansgaard, W., Johnsen, S.J., Clausen, H.B., Dahl-Jensen, D., Gundestrup, N., Hammer, C.U. and Oeschger, H.1984: North Atlantic oscillations revealed by deep Greenland ice cores. In Hansen, J.E. and Takahashi, T., editors, Climate processes and Climate Sensitivity. American Geophysical Union, Geophysical Monograph 29, 288–98.
15.
Davis, P.T.1988: Holocene glacier fluctuations in the American Cordillera. In Davis, P.T. and Osborn, G., editors, Holocene glacier fluctuations. Quaternary Science Reviews 7, 129–57.
16.
de Vries, H. 1958: Variation in concentration of radiocarbon with time and location on Earth. Koninklijk Nederlandse Akademie Von Wetenschappen, Amsterdam, Proc., Series B61, 94–102.
17.
Denton, G.H. and Karlén, W.1973: Holocene climatic variations-Their pattern and possible cause. Quaternary Research3, 155–205.
18.
Denton, G.H., Hughes, T.J. and Karlén, W.1986: Global ice-sheet systems interlocked by sea level. Quaternary Research26, 3–26.
19.
Eddy, J.A.1977: Climate and the changing sun. Climatic Change1, 173–90.
20.
Foukal, P. and Lean, J.1990: An empirical model of total solar irradiance variation between 1874 and 1988. Science247, 556–58.
21.
Gellatly, A.F., Chinn, T.J.H. and Röthlisberger, F.1988: Holocene glacier variations in New Zealand: a review. In Davis, P.T. and Osborn, G., editors, Holocene glacier fluctuations. Quaternary Science Reviews 7, 227–42.
22.
Gilliland, R.L.1982: Solar, volcanic, and CO2 forcing of recent climatic changes. Climatic Change4, 111–31.
23.
Grove, J.M.1988: The Little Ice Age. London & New York: Methuen.
24.
Hammer, C.U., Clausen, H.B. and Dansgaard, W.1980: Greenland ice sheet evidence of post-glacial volcanism and its climatic impact. Nature288, 230–35.
25.
Hammer, C.U., Clausen, H.B., Dansgaard, W., Gundestrup, N., Johnsen, S.J. and Reeh, N.1978: Dating of Greenland ice cores by flow models, isotopes, volcanic debris, and continental dust. Journal of Glaciology20, 3–26.
26.
Harvey, L.D.D.1980: Solar variability as a contributing factor to Holocene climatic change. Progress in Physical Geography4, 487–530.
27.
Karlén, W. 1988: Scandinavian glacial and climatic fluctuations during the Holocene. In Davis, P.T. and Osborn, G., editors, Holocene glacier fluctuations. Quaternary Science Reviews 7, 199–209.
28.
Kelly, P.M. and Wigley, T.M.L.1990: The influence of solar forcing trends on global mean temperature since 1861. Nature347, 460–62.
29.
Kelly, P.M. and Sear, C.B.1984: Climatic impact of explosive volcanic eruptions. Nature311, 740–43.
30.
Koerner, R.M. and Fisher, D.A.1990: A record of Holocene summer climate from a Canadian high-Arctic ice core. Nature343, 630–31.
31.
Kromer, B., Rhein, M., Bruns, M., Schoch-Fischer, H., Münnich, K.O., Stuiver, M. and Becker, B.1986: Radiocarbon calibration data for the 6th to the 8th Millenia BC. Radiocarbon28, 954–60.
32.
Kullman, L. 1989: Tree-limit history during the Holocene in the Scandes Mountains, Sweden, inferred from subfossil wood. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology58, 163–71.
33.
Kutzbach, J.E.1981: Monsoon climate of the early Holocene: climate experiment with the Earth's orbital parameters for 9000 years ago. Science214, 59–61.
34.
Kutzbach, J.E. and Street-Perrott, F.A.1985: Milankovitch forcing of fluctuations in the level of tropical lakes from 18 to 0 kyr BPNature317, 130–34.
35.
LaMarche, V.C., Jr. and Hirschboeck, K.K.1984: Frost rings in trees as records of major volcanic eruptions. Nature307, 121–26.
36.
Lamb, H.H.1970: Volcanic dust in the atmosphere; with a chronology and assessment of its meteorological significance. Phil. Trans. R. Soc, A266, 425–533.
37.
Linick, T.W., Long, A., Damon, P.E. and Ferguson, C.W.1986: High-precision radiocarbon dating of bristelcone pine from 6554 to 5350 BC. Radiocarbon28, 943–53.
38.
Linick, T.W., Suess, H.E. and Becker, B.1985: La Jolla measurements of radiocarbon in South German oak tree-ring chronologies. Radiocarbon27, 20–32.
39.
Mahaney, W.C.1988: Holocene glaciations and paleoclimate of Mount Kenya and other East African mountains. In Davis, P.T. and Osborn, G., editors, Holocene glacier fluctuations. Quaternary Science Reviews 7, 211–25.
40.
Mass, C. and Schneider, S.H.1977: Influence of sunspots and volcanic dust on long-term temperature records inferred by statistical investigations. Journal of Atmospheric Sciences34, 1195–2004.
41.
Meier, M.F.1984: Contribution of small glaciers to global sea level. Science226, 1418–21.
42.
Miles, M.K. and Gildersleeves, P.B.1978: Volcanic dust and changes in Northern Hemisphere temperature. Nature271, 735–36.
43.
Oerlemans, J. 1988: Simulation of historic glacier variations with a simple climate-glacier model. Journal of Glaciology34, 333–41.
44.
Osborn, G. and Luckman, B.H.1988: Holocene glacier fluctuations in the Canadian Cordillera (Alberta and British Colombia). In Davis, P.T. and Osborn, G., editors, Holocene glacier fluctuations. Quaternary Science Reviews 7, 115–28.
45.
Pearson, G.W., Pilcher, J.R., Baillie, M.G.L., Corbett, D.M. and Qua, F.1986: High-precision 14C measurements of Irish oaks to show the natural 14C variations from AD 1840-5210 BC. Radiocarbon28, 911–34.
46.
Pearson, G.W. and Stuiver, M.1986: High-precision calibration of the radiocarbon timescale, 500-2500 BC. Radiocarbon28, 839–62.
47.
Porter, S.C.1981a: Recent glacier variations and volcanic eruptions. Nature291, 139–42.
48.
Porter, S.C.1981b: Glaciological evidence of Holocene climatic change. In Wigley, T.M.L., Ingram, M.J. and Farmer, G., editors, Climate and History Studies on Past Climates and their Impact on Man. Cambridge: Cambridge University press, 82–110.
49.
Porter, S.C.1986: Pattern and forcing of northern Hemisphere glacier variations during the last millennium. Quaternary Research26, 27–48.
50.
Rampino, M.R. and Self, S.1982: Historic eruptions of Tambora (1815), Krakatau (1883), and Agung (1963), their stratospheric aerosols, and climatic impact. Quaternary Research18, 127–13.
51.
Röthlisberger, F. 1986: 10 000 Jahre Gletschergeschichte der Erde. Verlag Sauerlander, Aarau.
Sear, C.B., Kelly, P.M., Jones, P.D. and Goodess, C.M.1987: Global surface-temperature responses to major volcanic eruptions. Nature330, 365–67.
54.
Self, S., Rapino, M.R. and Barbera, J.J.1981: The possible effects of large 19th and 20th century volcanic eruptions on zonal and hemispheric surface temperatures. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research11, 41–60.
55.
Stuiver, M. 1980: Solar variability and climatic change during the current millennium. Nature286, 886–87.
56.
Stuiver, M. and Becker, B.1986: High-precision decadal calibration of the radiocarbon timescale, AD 1950-2500 BC. Radiocarbon28, 863–910.
57.
Stuiver, M. and Braziunas, T.1989: Atmospheric 14C and century-scale solar oscillations. Nature338, 405–408.
58.
Stuiver, M. and Pearson, G.W.1986: High-precision calibration of the radiocarbon timescale, AD 1950-500 BC. Radiocarbon28, 805–38.
59.
Stuiver, M., Kromer, B., Becker, B. and Ferguson, C.W.1986a: Radiocarbon age calibration back to 13 300 years BP and the 14C age matching of the German oak and US bristelcone pine chronologies. Radiocarbon28, 969–79.
60.
Stuiver, M., Pearson, G.W. and Braziunas, T.1986b: Radiocarbon age calibration of marine samples back to 9000 cal yr BP. Radiocarbon28, 980–83.
61.
Suess, H.E.1968: Climatic changes, solar activity, and the cosmic ray production of natural radiocarbon. Meteorological Monographs8, 146–50.
62.
Suess, H.E. and Linick, T.W.1990: The 14C record in pristelcone pine wood of the past 8000 years based on the dendrochronology of the late C.W. Ferguson. Philosophical Transactions Royal Society London A, 330, 403–12.
63.
Wigley, T.M.L.1988: The climate of the past 10 000 years and the role of the sun. In Stephenson, F.R. and Wolfendale, A.W., editors, Secular solar and geomagnetic variations in the last 10 000 years. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 209–24.
64.
Wigley, T.M.L.1991: Climate variability on the 10-100 year timescale: Observations and possible causes. Global changes in the past. In press.
65.
Wigley, T.M.L. and Kelly, P.M.1990: Holocene climatic change, 14C wiggles and variations in solar irradiance. Philosophical Transactions Royal Society London A, 330, 547–60.
