Modern pollen rain data from a suite of sites in lowland South and Central America are analysed by means of detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) and two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN), and are shown to have discernible characteristics for major vegetation types: varzea, igapo, semi-deciduous, cerrado and terra firme forest. Data analysis demonstrates the potential for detailed palaeoclimatic reconstructions of lowland tropical environments, but also demonstrates the danger of making generalizations about palaeoecosystems based on few palaeoecological records.
Absy, M.L.1979: A palynological study of Holocene sediments in the Amazon basin. Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Amsterdam .
2.
Barber, K.E.1976: History of vegetation. In Chapman, S.B., editor, Methods in plant ecology, Oxford: Blackwell, 5-84.
3.
Birks, H.J.B.1985: Recent and possible future mathematical developments in quantitative palaeoecology. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology50, 107-147.
4.
Bradbury, J.P., Leyden, B., Salgado-Labouriau, M., Lewis, W. Jr., Schubert, C., Binford, M., Frey, D., Whitehead, D. and Weibezahn, F.1982: Late Quaternary environmental history of Lake Valencia, Venezuela. Science214, 1299-1305.
5.
Brown, K.S. Jr.1987: Soils and Vegetation. In Whitmore, T.C. and Prance, G.T., editors, Biogeography and Quaternary history in tropical America, Oxford: Oxford Science Publications, 19-45.
6.
Bush, M.B.1988: The use of multivariate analysis and modern analogue sites as an aid to the interpretation of data from fossil mollusc assemblages, Journal of Biogeography15, 849-62.
7.
Bush, M.B. and Colinvaux, P.A.1988: A 7000-year pollen record from the Amazon lowlands, Ecuador . Vegetatio76, 141-54.
8.
— 1990: A pollen record of a complete glacial cycle from lowland Panama. Journal of Vegetation Science1, 105-18.
9.
Bush, M.B., Colinvaux, P.A., Weimann, M.C., Piperno, D.R. and Liu, K.-B.1990: Late Pleistocene temperature change and vegetation depression in Ecuadorian Amazonia. Quaternary Research34, 330-45.
10.
Clark, J.S.1986: Dynamism in the barrier-beach vegetation of Great South Beach, New York. Ecological Monographs56, 97-126.
Eilertsen, O., Okland, R.H., Okland, T. and Pedersen, O.1990: Data manipulation and gradient length estimation in DCA ordination. Journal of Vegetation Science1, 261-70. Eisner, W.R. and Sprague, A.P. (unpublished): Macpollen: pollen data entry and diagramming software for the Macintosh. Miscellaneous publication of the Byrd Polar Research Center, The Ohio State University.
13.
Faegri, K.1966: Some problems of representativity in pollen analysis. Palaeobotanist15, 135-40.
14.
Faegri, K. and Iversen, J.1975: Textbook of pollen analysis, second edition. Copenhagen: Munksgaard .
15.
Faegri, K. and van der Pijl, L.1979: The principles of pollination ecology, third edition. Oxford: Pergamon.
16.
Flenley, J.R.1973: The use of modern pollen rain samples in the study of the vegetational history of tropical regions. In Birks, H.J.B. and West, R.G., editors, Quaternary plant ecology, Oxford: Blackwell, 131-41.
17.
— 1979: A Geological History of Tropical Rainforest. London: Butterworth.
18.
Gauch, H.G. Jr.1982: Multivariate Analysis in Community Ecology, Cambridge studies in Ecology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
19.
Girling, M. and Greig, J.R.1977: Palaeoecological investigations of a site at Hampstead Heath, London. Nature268, 45-47.
20.
Grabandt, R.A.J.1980: Pollen rain in relation to arboreal vegetation in the Columbian Cordillera Oriental. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology29, 65-147.
21.
Haffer, J.1987: Quaternary History of Tropical America. In Whitmore, T.C. and Prance, G.T., editors, Biogeography and Quaternary history in tropical america, Oxford: Oxford Science Publications, 1-16.
22.
Hill, M.O.1979a: TWINSPAN - A FORTRAN program for arranging multivariate data in an ordered two-way table by classification of the individuals and attributes. Department of Ecology and Systematics, Cornell University, NY.
23.
— 1979b: DECORANA - A FORTRAN program for detrended correspondence analysis and reciprocal averaging. Department of Ecology and Systematics. Cornell University, NY.
24.
Huntley, B. and Webb, T. Iii.1989: Migration: species' response to climatic variations caused by changes in the earth's orbit. Journal of Biogeography16, 5-20.
25.
Kutzbach, J.E. and Guetter, P.J.1986: The influence of changing orbital parameters and surface boundary conditions on climate simulations for the past 18 000 years. Journal of Atmospheric Sciences43, 1726-59.
26.
Kutzbach, J.E. and Street-Perrott, F.A.1985: Milankovitch forcing of fluctuations in the level of tropical lakes from 18 to 0 kyr BP. Nature317, 130-34.
27.
Lamb, H.F.1984: Modern pollen spectra from Labrador and their use in reconstructing Holocene vegetational history. Journal of Ecology72, 37-60.
28.
Leyden, B.1985: Late Quaternary aridity and Holocene moisture fluctuations in the Lake Valencia basin, Venezuela. Ecology66, 1279-95.
29.
Liu, K.-b. and Colinvaux, P.A.1985: Forest changes in the Amazon basin during the last glacial maximum. Nature318, 556-57.
30.
Mosimann, J.E.1965: Statistical methods for the pollen analyst: multinomial and negative multinomial techniques. In Kummel, B. and Raup, D.M., editors, Handbook of palaeontological techniques, San Francisco : W.H. Freeman, 636-73.
31.
Muller, J.1965: Palynological study of Holocene peat in Sarawak. Proceedings of symposium on ecological research in humid tropics vegetation, Kuching, Sarawak, July 1963 . UNESCO Science Cooperation Office for southeast Asia, 147-56.
32.
Piperno, D.R.1988: Phytolith analysis: an archaeological and geological perspective . London: Academic Press.
33.
Piperno, D.R., Bush, M.B. and Colinvaux, P.A.1990: Palaeoenvironments and human settlement in late-Glacial Panama. Quaternary Research33, 108-16.
34.
Prance, G.T.1979: Notes on the vegetation of Amazonia, 3. The terminology of Amazonian forest types subject to inundation. Brittonia31, 26-38.
35.
— 1982: Forest refuges evidence from woody angiosperms. In Prance, G.T., editor, Biological diversification in the tropics, ColumbiaUniversity Press , New York. 137-56.
36.
Salgado-Labouriau, M.L.1973: Contribucao a palinologia dos cerrados. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Academia Brasileira de Ciencias.
37.
— 1978: Pollen and spore rain in central Brazil. Proceedings of the first international conference on aerobiology . Berlin: Federal Environmental Agency.
38.
— 1980: A pollen diagram of the Pleistocene-Holocene boundary of Lake Valencia, Venezuela. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology30, 297-312.
39.
Sioli, H., ° (editor) 1984: The Amazon, limnology and landscape ecology of a mighty tropical river and its basin. Monographs Biology 56. Dordrecht: Junk.
40.
Stockmarr, J.1971: Tablets with spores used in absolute pollen analysis. Pollen Spores13, 615-21.
41.
Ter Braak, C.J.F.1988: CANOCO - A FORTRAN program for canonical community ordination by [partial] [detrended] [canonical] correspondence analysis, principal components analysis and redundancy analysis (version 2.1). The Netherlands: Agricultural Mathematics Group, Wageningen.
42.
Webb, T. Iii.1987: The appearance and disappearance of major vegetational assemblages: long-term vegetational dynamics in eastern North America. Vegetatio69, 177-88.
