Lake St Croix at the downstream end of the St Croix River was formed when a natural dam was constructed across its mouth by the Mississippi River, which has aggraded its floodplain in Holocene time since the termination of deep erosion by the Glacial River Warren, the outlet for Glacial Lake Agassiz until about 9500 BP. Pollen analysis and radiocarbon dating of a 19 m core from the uppermost basin of the lake shows a rapidly increasing rate of sedimentation and pollen influx since 3000 BP and especially since 1300 BP, as the delta of the St Croix River approached the coring site. The pollen sequence closely resembles that for Lily Lake which is located on the moraine upland a few kilometres to the west. Its pollen assemblage differs from that for Lake St Croix more because of its upland location slightly to the west than to influx of river sediment in Lake St Croix.
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2.
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7.
Clayton, L.1983: Chronology of Lake Agassiz drainage to Lake Superior. In Teller, J.T., and Clayton, L., editors, Glacial Lake Agassiz. Geological Association of Canada Special Paper 26, 291-308.
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Cooper, W.S.1935: The history of the Upper Mississippi River in late Wisconsin and postglacial time. MinnesotaGeological Survey Bulletin26, 1-116.
9.
Cushing, E.J.1967: Late Wisconsin pollen stratigraphy and the glacial sequence in Minnesota. In Cushing, E.J., and Wright, H.E., Jr., editors, Quaternary Paleoecology. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 59-88.
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Drexler, C.W., Farrand, W.R. and Hughes, J.D.1983: Correlation of glacial lakes in the Superior Basin with eastward discharge events from Lake Agassiz. In Teller, J.T., and Clayton, L., editors, Geological Association of Canada Special Paper 26, 309-32.
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Faegri, K., and Iversen, J.1975: Textbook of pollen analysis. New York : Hafner Press.
12.
Flock, M.A.1983: The late Wisconsin Savanna Terrace in tributaries to the upper Mississippi River. Quaternary Research20, 165-76.
13.
Grimm, E.C.1983: Chronology and dynamics of vegetation change in the prairie-woodland region of southern Minnesota, USA. New Phytologist93, 311-50.
14.
Jacobson, G.L.1979: A palynological study of the history and ecology of white pine in Minnesota. Journal of Ecology67, 697-726.
15.
Jelgersma, S.1962: A late-glacial pollen diagram from Madelia, south-central MinnesotaAmerican Journal of Science260, 522-29.
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Lund, S.P. and Banerjee, S.1979: Paleosecular variations from lake sediments. Review of Geophysics and Space Physics17, 244-49.
17.
Marschner, F.G.1974: Original vegetation of Minnesota (map). St Paul, Minnesota: US Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station. Reprinted with text by M.L. Heinselman.
18.
McAndrews, J.H.1966: Postglacial history of prairie, savanna, and forest in northwestern Minnesota. Torrey Botanical Club, Memoir22 (2), 1-72.
19.
Peck, R.M.1973: Pollen budget studies in a small Yorkshire catchment. In Birks, H.J.B. and West, R.G., editors, Quaternary Plant Ecology. New York: John Wiley, 43-60.
20.
Todd, J.H.1942: A contribution to the study of the Pleistocene history of the upper Mississippi River. PhD. Thesis, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.
21.
Waddington, J.B.1969: The stratigraphic record of the pollen influx to a lake in the Big Woods of Minnesota. Geological Society of America, Special Paper 1223, 264-82.
22.
Webb, T. III, Cushing, E.J. and Wright, H.E., Jr. 1983: Holocene changes in the vegetation of the Midwest . In Wright, H.E., Jr., editor, Late-Quaternary Environments of the United States, Volume 2, The Holocene . Minneapolis, Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press, 142-45.
23.
Winkler, M.G., Swain, A.M. and Kutzbach, J.E.1986: Middle Holocene dry period in the northern Midwestern US: lake levels and pollen stratigraphy. Quaternary Research25, 235-50.
24.
Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey, 1975: The early vegetation of Wisconsin (map). Madison, Wisconsin: Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey.
25.
Wright, H.E., Jr. 1967: A square-rod piston sampler for lake sediments . Journal of Sedimentary Petrology37, 975-76.
26.
— 1972: Quaternary history of Minnesota. In Sims, P.K. and Morey, G.B. editors, Geology of Minnesota. MinnesotaGeological Survey, 515-48.
27.
Wright, H.E., Jr., Matsch, C.L. and Cushing, E.J.1973: The Superior and Des Moines lobes. Geological Society of America, Special Paper 136, 153-88.
28.
Wright, H.E., Jr. and Watts, W.A.1969: Glacial and vegetational history of northeastern Minnesota . Minnesota Geological Survey, Special Publication 11.
29.
Wright, H.E., Jr., Winter, T.C. and Patten, H.L.1963: Two pollen diagrams from southeastern Minnesota: problems in the regional late- and post-glacial vegetational history. Geological Society of America Bulletin74, 1371-96.
30.
Zumberge, J.H.1952: The lakes of Minnesota. Their origin and classification . Minnesota Geological Survey Bulletin35.
