Multi-proxy analyses of two twin sediment cores from the Reindeer Lake were performed to reconstruct the Holocene environmental conditions in this eastern branch of the Bellsund region (Western Spitsbergen). A continuous Holocene lacustrine sediment sequence record was documented, with the dominance of a single algal species, Pediastrum orientale. The basal sediment was AMS 14C-dated between 8.4 and 8.2 ka cal BP. The results of our study, indicate: (1) a very slow sedimentation process during the period of the lake’s functioning, (2) low supply of nutrients from the catchment throughout the period from Mid-Holocene to the present, (3) the process of constant physiological adaptation of Pediastrum orientale algae to changing environmental conditions. The inferred climatic history at the Reindeer Lake is compatible with other evidence from Svalbard and elsewhere in the Arctic.
BakkeJBalascioNvan der BiltWGM, et al. (2018) The island of amsterdamøya: A key site for studying past climate in the Arctic Archipelago of Svalbard. Quaternary Science Reviews183: 157–163.
2.
BalascioNLD’AndreaWJGjerdeM, et al. (2017) Hydroclimate variability of high Arctic Svalbard during the holocene inferred from hydrogen isotopes of leaf waxes. Quaternary Science Reviews183: 177–187.
3.
BéginPNRautioMTanabeY, et al. (2021) The littoral zone of polar lakes: Inshore–offshore contrasts in an ice-covered high Arctic lake. Arctic Science7(1): 158–181.
4.
BerglundBERalska-JasiewiczowaM (1986) Pollen analysis and pollen diagrams. In: BerglundBE (ed.) Handbook of Holocene Palaeoecology and Palaeohydrology. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons Press, pp.455–484.
5.
BirksHH (1991) Holocene vegetational history and climatic change in west Spitsbergen – Plant macrofossils from skardtjørna, an Arctic lake. Holocene1(3): 209–215.
6.
BirksHJBMonteithDTRoseNL, et al. (2004) Recent environmental change and atmospheric contamination on Svalbard as recorded in lake sediments – Modern limnology, vegetation, and pollen deposition. Journal of Paleolimnology31(4): 411–431.
7.
BlackR (1969) Thaw depressions and thaw lakes – A review. Biuletyn Peryglacjalny19(F2): 131–150.
8.
BłaszkiewiczMAndrzejewskiLDudekJ, et al. (2023) The role of dead ice in transforming glacier forelands under the rapid climate warming of recent decades, oscar II land, Svalbard. Land Degradation and Development34(14): 4328–4345.
9.
BlokkerPSchoutenSvan Den EndeH, et al. (1998) Chemical structure of algaenans from the fresh water algae tetraedron minimum, Scenedesmus communis and Pediastrum boryanum. Organic Geochemistry29(5-7): 1453–1468.
10.
BouchardFFortierDPaquetteM, et al. (2020) Thermokarst lake inception and development in syngenetic ice-wedge polygon terrain during a cooling climatic trend, Bylot Island (Nunavut), eastern Canadian Arctic. Cryosphere14(8): 2607–2627.
11.
BurnCR (2002) Tundra lakes and permafrost, Richards Island, western Arctic coast, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences39(8): 1281–1298.
12.
BurnCRSmithMW (1990) Development of thermokarst lakes during the holocene at sites near Mayo, Yukon territory. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes1(2): 161–176.
13.
DallmannWKElvevoldS (2015) Bedrock geology. In: DallmannWK (ed.) Geoscience Atlas of Svalbard, vol. 148. Tromsø: Norsk Polarinstitutt Rapportserie, pp.133–174.
14.
de WetGABalascioNLD'AndreaWJ, et al. (2017) Holocene glacier activity reconstructed from proglacial lake Gjøvatnet on amsterdamøya, NW Svalbard. Quaternary Science Reviews183: 188–203.
15.
DivineDIsakssonEMartmaT, et al. (2011) Thousand years of winter surface air temperature variations in Svalbard and northern Norway reconstructed from ice-core data. Polar Research30(1): 7379.
16.
DobrowolskiRKuleszaPŁojekJ, et al. (2015) Origin and evolution of the Bezedna lake–mire complex in the Lublin area (East Poland): A case study for permafrost lakes in karstic regions. Journal of Paleolimnology53(2): 191–213.
17.
DouglasMSVHamiltonPBPienitzR, et al. (2004) Algal indicators of environmental change in Arctic and Antarctic lakes and ponds. In: SmolJPPienitzRDouglasMSV (eds) Long-Term Environmental Change in Arctic and Antarctic Lakes. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp.117–157.
18.
EckerstorferMMalnesEChristiansenHH (2017) Freeze/thaw conditions at periglacial landforms in Kapp Linné, Svalbard, investigated using field observations, in situ, and radar satellite monitoring. Geomorphology293(Part B): 433–447.
19.
FarnsworthWRAllaartLIngólfssonÓ, et al. (2020) Holocene glacial history of Svalbard: Status, perspectives and challenges. Earth-Science Reviews208: 103249.
20.
FørlandEJBenestadRHanssen-BauerI, et al. (2011) Temperature and precipitation development at Svalbard 1900–2100. Advances in Meteorology2011: 1–14.
21.
GeymanECJ J van PeltWMaloofAC, et al. (2022) Historical glacier change on Svalbard predicts doubling of mass loss by 2100. Nature601(7893): 374–379.
22.
GjerdeMBakkeJD’AndreaWJ, et al. (2017) Holocene multi-proxy environmental reconstruction from lake hakluytvatnet, amsterdamøya Island, Svalbard (79.5 ̊ N). Quaternary Science Reviews183: 164–176.
HeiriOLotterAFLemckeG (2001) Loss on ignition as a method for estimating organic and carbonate content in sediments: Reproducibility and comparability of results. Journal of Paleolimnology25(1): 101–110.
25.
HumlumOElberlingBHormesA, et al. (2005) Late-Holocene glacier growth in Svalbard, documented by subglacial relict vegetation and living soil microbes. Holocene15(3): 396–407.
26.
HuybersP (2006) Early pleistocene glacial cycles and the integrated summer insolation forcing. Science313(5786): 508–511.
27.
JankovskáVKomárekJ (2000) Indicative value of pediastrum and other coccal green algae in palaeoecology. Folia Geobotanica35(1): 59–82.
28.
JessenSPRasmussenTLNielsenT, et al. (2010) A new late Weichselian and holocene marine chronology for the western Svalbard slope 30,000-0 cal years BP. Quaternary Science Reviews29(9–10): 1301–1312.
29.
KenneyWFBrennerMCurtisJH, et al. (2010) Identifying sources of organic matter in sediments of shallow lakes using multiple geochemical variable. Journal of Paleolimnology44(4): 1039–1052.
30.
KodnerRBSummonsREKnollAH (2009) Phylogenetic investigation of the aliphatic, non-hydrolyzable biopolymer algaenan, with focus on the green algae. Organic Geochemistry40(8): 854–862.
31.
LarsenELysåARubensdotterL, et al. (2018) Lateglacial and holocene glacier activity in the Van Mijenfjorden area, western Svalbard. Arktos4(1): 1–21.
32.
Lehmann-KoneraSRumanMFrankowskiM, et al. (2024) Short-term observations of rainfall chemistry composition in bellsund (SW Spitsbergen, Svalbard). Water16(2): 299.
33.
LenarczykJ (2014) The Algal Genus Pediastrum (Meyen) Chlorophyta in Poland. Kraków: Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, p.104.
34.
MangerundJSvendsenJI (1990) Deglaciation chronology inferred from marine sediments in a proglacial lake basin, western Spitsbergen, Svalbard. Boreas19(3): 249–272.
35.
MillerGHAlleyRBBrigham-GretteJ, et al. (2010) Arctic amplification: Can the past constrain the future?Quaternary Science Reviews29(15-16): 1779–1790.
36.
MohitVCulleyALovejoyC, et al. (2017) Hidden biofilms in a far northern lake and implications for the changing Arctic. npj Biofilms and Microbiomes3(1): 17.
37.
NěmecMWackerLHajdasI, et al. (2010) Alternative methods for cellulose preparation for ams measurement. Radiocarbon52(3): 1358–1370.
38.
NoëlBJakobsCLvan PeltWJJ, et al. (2020) Low elevation of Svalbard glaciers drives high mass loss variability. Nature Communications11(1): 4597.
39.
NordliØPrzybylakROgilvieAEJ, et al. (2014) Long-term temperature trends and variability on Spitsbergen: The extended Svalbard airport temperature series, 1898-2012. Polar Research33(1): 21349.
40.
NPI (Norwegian Polar Institute) (2016) Offline Geological Map of Svalbard, Geological Map of Svalbard (1:250,000). Tromsø: Norwegian Polar Institute. Available at: http://svalbardkartet.npolar.no/ (accessed 5 September 2023).
41.
NuthCKohlerJKönigM, et al. (2013) Decadal changes from a multi-temporal glacier inventory of Svalbard. Cryosphere 7,5(5): 1603–1621.
42.
OjalaAEKArppeLLuotoTP, et al. (2016) Sedimentary environment, lithostratigraphy and dating of sediment sequences from Arctic lakes Revvatnet and Svartvatnet in Hornsund, Svalbard. Polish Polar Research 37(1): 23–48.
43.
OrmeLCLindEMHolmTM, et al. (2023) Climatic impacts on an Arctic lake since 1300 AD: A multi-proxy lake sediment reconstruction from Prins Karls Forland, Svalbard. Journal of Paleolimnology69(3): 249–248.
44.
PidekIADobrowolskiRZagórskiP, et al. (2024) New determination of Pediastrum orientale in polar lake sediments and its palaeoecological implications - Reindeer Lake, Bellsund, Spitsbergen. Acta Palaeobotanica64(1): 20–34.
45.
QuiggA (2016) Micronutrients. In: BorowitzkaMABeardallJRavenJA (eds) The Physiology of Microalgae. Cham, Heidelberg, New York, Dordrecht, London: Springer International Publishing, pp.211–231.
46.
RamseyCB (2009) Bayesian analysis of radiocarbon dates. Radiocarbon51(1): 337–360.
47.
ReimerPJAustinWENBardE, et al. (2020) The IntCal20 Northern Hemisphere radiocarbon age calibration curve (0-55 cal kBP). Radiocarbon, 62(4): 725–757.
48.
ReimerPJBrownTAReimerRW (2004) Discussion: Reporting and calibration of post-bomb C-14 data. Radiocarbon46(3): 1299–1304.
49.
RøtheTOBakkeJVasskogK, et al. (2015) Arctic holocene glacier fluctuations reconstructed from lake sediments at Mitrahalvøya, Spitsbergen. Quaternary Science Reviews109: 111–125.
50.
SahaMSarkarSSarkarB, et al. (2016) Microbial siderophores and their potential applications: A review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research23(5): 3984–3999.
51.
SalvigsenOLauritzenØMangerudJ (1983) Karst and karstification in gypsiferous beds in Mathiesondalen, Central Spitsbergen, Svalbard. Polar Research 1,1(1): 83–88.
52.
Sand-JensenKRiisTMarkagerS, et al. (1999) Slow growth and decomposition of mosses in Arctic lakes. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences56(3): 388–393.
53.
SerrezeMCBarryRG (2011) Processes and impacts of Arctic amplification: A research synthesis. Global and Planetary Change77(1-2): 85–96.
54.
SienkiewiczEGąsiorowskiMMigałaK (2017) Unusual reaction of diatom assemblage on climate changes during the last millennium: A record from Spitsbergen lake. Journal of Paleolimnology58(1): 73–87.
55.
StuiverMPolachHA (1977) Discussion reporting of 14C Data. Radiocarbon19(3): 355–363.
56.
SynalH-AStockerMSuterM (2007) MICADAS: A new compact radiocarbon AMS system. Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section B, Beam Interactions With Materials and Atoms259(1): 7–13.
57.
UrbańskiJA (2022) Monitoring and classification of high Arctic lakes in the Svalbard Islands using remote sensing. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation112: 101911.
58.
van der BiltWGMBakkeJVasskogK, et al. (2015) Reconstruction of glacier variability from lake sediments reveals dynamic holocene climate in Svalbard. Quaternary Science Reviews126: 201–218.
59.
VidalJMacIntyreS (2011) Over-winter stratification and mixing in Arctic Lakes. American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2011, abstract id. H51K-1358.
60.
VoldstadLHAlsosIGFarnsworthWR, et al. (2020) A complete holocene lake sediment ancient DNA record reveals long-standing high Arctic plant diversity hotspot in northern Svalbard. Quaternary Science Reviews234: 106207.
61.
WawrzyniakTOsuchM (2020) 40-year High Arctic climatological dataset of the Polish Polar Station Hornsund (SW Spitsbergen, Svalbard). Earth System Science Data12(2): 805–815.
62.
WernerKMüllerJHusumK, et al. (2016) Holocene sea subsurface and surface water masses in the Fram Strait – Comparisons of temperature and sea-ice reconstructions. Quaternary Science Reviews147: 194–209.
63.
WieczorekIStrzeleckiMCStachnikŁ, et al. (2023) Post-little Ice Age glacial lake evolution in Svalbard: Inventory of lake changes and lake types. Journal of Glaciology69(277): 1449–1465.
64.
WoeldersLLenaertsJTMHagemansK, et al. (2018) Recent climate warming drives ecological change in a remote high-Arctic lake. Scientific Reports8(1): 6858.
65.
WohlfarthBLemdahlGOlssonS, et al. (1995) Early holocene environment on Bjørnøya (Svalbard) inferred from multidisciplinary lake sediment studies. Polar Research14(2): 253–275.
66.
YoshikawaKHinzmanLD (2003) Shrinking thermokarst ponds and groundwater dynamics in discontinuous permafrost near council, Alaska. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes14(2): 151–160.
67.
ZagórskiPFrydrychKJaniaJ, et al. (2023) Surges in three Svalbard glaciers derived from historic sources and geomorphic features. Annals of the American Association of Geographers113(8): 1835–1855.
68.
ZagórskiPRodzikJStrzeleckiMC, et al. (2013) Coastal geomorphology. In: ZagórskiP (ed.) The Geographical Environment of NW Part of Wedel Jarlsberg Land (Spitsbergen, Svalbard). Lublin: UMCS Press, pp.212–245.
69.
ZwolińskiZRachlewiczGMazurekM, et al. (2007) The geoecological model for small tundra lakes, Spitsbergen. Landform Analysis5: 113–118.
