This paper revises paleoenvironmental data from Patagonia (southern South America) to discuss the occurrence, characteristics, and human impact of the Medieval Climatic Anomaly (MCA). The analysis of continuous paleoenvironmental archives with multidecadal-to-centennial resolution is based on a quality assessment regarding data interpretation, chronological control, and time range adequacy within the MCA lapse. After applying this three-stepped quality filters on the total dataset (N = 48), 18 cases can accurately be ascribed to the MCA. Except for two sites indicating wetter conditions, these records show dry and/or warm conditions between ca. 750 and 1350 CE (core period at ca. 800–1200 CE). Even though MCA records come mostly from forests and forest-steppe ecotones, all previous archeological hypotheses about the MCA effects on past hunter-gatherers were proposed for the steppes, particularly in southern sectors, thus requiring an assessment of the source of the signal, their synchronicity and causality between human-environmental processes. In the southern steppe, paleoenvironmental records partially overlapping with the MCA time window actually show a predominance of wet conditions between 47° and 50° S, whereas a generalized aridity is recorded in southern tip of the continental Patagonia between 51° and 52° S. Thus, a complex scenario of landscape fragmentation can be supported in the southern steppes during the MCA, produced not only by enhanced aridity in dry environments, but also because of the presence of wet and more resilient areas. This landscape heterogeneity must be considered to deepen the understanding of behavioral changes contemporaneous to the MCA. However, a scenario of demographic growth suggested around 1000 CE for the entire Patagonia could have promoted human changes similar to those expected for the MCA. Finally, no-archeological discussions linked to the MCA were developed for forest regions, despite their robust paleoenvironmental records, implying that changes in proxy data might not have necessarily involved important environmental changes.
Aguilera-BettiIMuñozAAStahleD, et al. (2017) The first Millennium-age Araucaria Araucana in Patagonia. Tree-Ring Research73(1): 53–56.
2.
AhmedMAnchukaitisKAsratA, et al. (2015) Corrigendum: Continental-scale temperature variability during the past two millennia. Nature Geoscience8(12): 981–982.
3.
ApaésteguiJCruzFVuilleM, et al. (2018) Precipitation changes over the eastern Bolivian Andes inferred from speleothem (δ18O) records for the last 1400 years. Earth and Planetary Science Letters494: 124–134.
4.
AracenaCKilianRLangeCB, et al. (2015) Holocene variations in productivity associated with changes in glacier activity and freshwater flux in the central basin of the Strait of Magellan. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology436: 112–122.
5.
AranbarriJGonzález-SampérizPValero-GarcésB, et al. (2014) Rapid climatic changes and resilient vegetation during the Lateglacial and Holocene in a continental region of south-western Europe. Global and Planetary Change114: 50–65.
6.
ArizteguiDAnselmettiFGilliA, et al. (2008) Late Pleistocene environmental change in Eastern Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego—A limnogeological approach. Developments in Quaternary Sciences11: 241–253.
7.
ArizteguiDGilliAAnselmettiF, et al. (2014) Limnogeología del Lago Cardiel y la reconstrucción de cambios ambientales desde el Pleistoceno tardío. In: GoñiRBelardiJBCassiodoroG (eds) Arqueología de las cuencas de los lagos Cardiel y Strobel. Poblamiento humano y paleoambientes en Patagonia. Buenos Aires: Aspha, pp.31–40.
8.
ArnoldTEHillmanALAbbottMB, et al. (2021) Drought and the collapse of the Tiwanaku civilization: New evidence from Lake Orurillo, Peru. Quaternary Science Reviews251: 106693.
9.
BamonteFPManciniM (2011) Palaeoenvironmental changes since Pleistocene–Holocene transition: Pollen analysis from a wetland in southwestern Patagonia (Argentina). Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology165(1–2): 103–110.
10.
BarberenaR (2008) Arqueología y Biogeografía Humana en Patagonia Meridional. Buenos Aires: Sociedad Argentina de Antropología.
11.
BarberenaRBeronMLunaL (2018) Isótopos estables en el sitio Chenque I: paleodieta y procedencia geográfica. In: BerónM (ed.) El sitio Chenque. Un cementerio Prehispánico en la Pampa Occidental. Estilo de vida e interacciones culturales de cazadores-recolectores del Cono Sur Americano. Buenos Aires: Sociedad Argentina de Antropología, pp.367–395.
12.
BarberenaRMéndezCde PorrasME (2017) Zooming out from archaeological discontinuities: The meaning of mid-Holocene temporal troughs in South American deserts. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology46: 68–81.
13.
BarberenaRPratesLEugeniadePorrasM (2015) The human occupation of northwestern Patagonia (Argentina): Paleoecological and chronological trends. Quaternary International356: 111–126.
14.
BarrientosGGordónF (2004) Explorando la relación entre nucleamiento poblacional y violencia interpersonal durante el Holoceno tardío en el noreste de Patagonia (República Argentina). Magallania (Punta Arenas)32: 53–69.
15.
BelardiJBCarballo MarinaFBorreroLA (2020) Circulación humana durante el Holoceno tardío en el bosque y ecotono bosque-estepa: el curso inferior del río Penitente (suroeste de Santa Cruz). Revista del Museo de Antropología13(3): 321–334.
16.
BelardiJBGoñiRA (2006) Representaciones rupestres y convergencia poblacional durante momentos tardíos en Santa Cruz (Patagonia argentina). El caso de la meseta del Strobel. In: FioreDPodestáM (eds) Tramas en la piedra. Producción y usos del arte rupestre. Buenos Aires: AINA, pp.85–94.
17.
BelardiJBGoñiRABourlotT, et al. (2003) Uso del espacio y paisajes arqueológicos en la cuenca del lago Cardiel (Provincia de Santa Cruz, Argentina). Magallania (Punta Arenas)31: 95–106.
18.
BeresMGilliAArizteguiD, et al. (2008) The Lago Cardiel Basin, Argentina (49°S): Origin and evolution revealed by high-resolution multichannel seismic reflection studies. Journal of South American Earth Sciences25(1): 74–85.
19.
BerkesFFolkeCColdingJ (2000) Linking Social and Ecological Systems: Management Practices and Social Mechanisms for Building Resilience. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
20.
BerónMCarrera AizpitarteMPaezF (2021) Social trajectories of Hunter-Gatherer societies in Central Argentina: Exploration and colonization of a desert landscape, La Pampa province, Argentina. In: BonomoMArchilaS (eds) South American Contributions to World Archaeology. Cham: Springer, pp.81–118.
21.
BianchiMMArizteguiD (2012) Vegetation history of the Río Manso Superior catchment area, Northern Patagonia (Argentina), since the last deglaciation. The Holocene22(11): 1283–1295.
22.
BinfordLR (2001) Constructing Frames of Reference: An Analytical Method for Archaeological Theory Building Using Ethnographic and Environmental Data Sets. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
23.
BorreroLA (1994/95) Arqueología de la Patagonia. Palimpsesto. Arqueología4: 9–69.
24.
BorreroLA (2004) The archaeozoology of Andean ‘dead ends’ in Patagonia: Living near the continental ice cap. In: MondiniMMuñozAWicklerS (eds) Colonisation, Migration and Marginal Areas: A Zooarchaeological Approach. Oakville: Oxbow Books, pp.55–61.
25.
BorreroLABarberenaRFrancoNV, et al. (2009) Isotopes and rocks: Geographical organisation of southern Patagonian hunter-gatherers. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology19(2): 309–327.
26.
BorreroLAFrancoNV (2000) Cuenca superior del río Santa Cruz: perspectivas temporales. In: EspinosaS (ed.) Desde el país de los gigantes. Perspectivas arqueológicas en Patagonia, 2 edn.Santa Cruz: UNPA, pp.345–356.
27.
BorreroLAMartinFBarberenaR (2011) Visits, “Fuegians,” and information networks. In: HitchcockRLovisWWhallonR (eds) Information and Its Role in Hunter-Gatherer Bands. Berkeley, CA: University of California, pp.249–265.
28.
BorreroLAMartinFHorwitzV, et al. (2008) Arqueología de la costa norte de Tierra del Fuego. In: CruzSCaracotcheMSenatoreX, et al. (eds) Arqueología de la costa patagónica. Río Gallegos: UNPA, pp.250–264.
29.
BoschinMFernándezM (2020) El hilo se corta por lo más delgado. Los efectos en las sociedades indígenas de las enfermedades derivadas del contacto con los “otros.”Atek Na9: 267–281.
30.
BradleyRSHughesMKDiazHF (2003) Climate change: Climate in medieval time. Science302(5644): 404–405.
31.
CamposMCastro EsnalA (2021) Variaciones temporales del procesamiento de recursos faunísticos en Casa de Piedra de Roselló (Patagonia central, Argentina). In: Proceedings XI Jornadas de Arqueología de la Patagonia. Puerto Montt: Universidad Austral de Chile, pp.40.
32.
CassiodoroGRindelDGoñiR, et al. (2013) Arqueología del Holoceno medio y tardío en Patagonia meridional: Poblamiento Humano y fluctuaciones climáticas. Diálogo andino41: 5–23.
33.
CharmanDJBarberKEBlaauwM, et al. (2009) Climate drivers for peatland palaeoclimate records. Quaternary Science Reviews28(19–20): 1811–1819.
34.
CobbKMCharlesCDChengH, et al. (2003) El Niño/southern oscillation and tropical pacific climate during the last millennium. Nature424(6946): 271–276.
35.
CoronatoFBisigatoA (1998) A temperature pattern classification in Patagonia. International Journal of Climatology18(7): 765–773.
36.
CrombéPRobinsonE (2017) Human resilience to Lateglacial climate and environmental change in the Scheldt basin (NW Belgium). Quaternary International428: 50–63.
37.
DagaRGuevaraSRRizzoA, et al. (2020) Geochemical and mineralogical characterization of sediments from Lake Futalaufquen (42.8 S, Andean Patagonia) to evaluate their potential as paleoclimatic proxies. Quaternary Research98: 1–18.
38.
DarlingtonPJ (1978) Biogeography of the Southern End of the World: Distribution and History of Far-Southern Life and Land, With an Assessment of Continental Drift. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
39.
de PorrasMEMaldonadoAHayashidaFM, et al. (2021) Socio-environmental dynamics in the central Atacama desert (22°S) during the late Holocene. Quaternary Science Reviews267: 107097.
40.
DewarGMarshEJ (2019) The comings and goings of sheep and pottery in the coastal desert of Namaqualand, South Africa. The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology14(1): 17–45.
41.
DiazHFTrigoRHughesMK, et al. (2011) Spatial and temporal characteristics of climate in medieval times revisited. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society92(11): 1487–1500.
42.
DincauzeD (2000) Environmental Archaeology: Principles and Practices. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
43.
EcheverriaMESottileGDManciniMV, et al. (2014) Nothofagus forest dynamics and palaeoenvironmental variations during the mid and late-Holocene, in southwest Patagonia. The Holocene24(8): 957–969.
44.
ElbertJWartenburgerRvon GuntenL, et al. (2013) Late Holocene air temperature variability reconstructed from the sediments of Laguna Escondida, Patagonia, Chile (45°30′S). Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology369: 482–492.
45.
Favier-DuboisC (2003) Late-Holocene climatic fluctuations and soil genesis in southern Patagonia: Effects on the archaeological record. Journal of Archaeological Science30(12): 1657–1664.
46.
Favier-DuboisCKokotR (2011) Changing scenarios in Bajo de la Quinta (San Matías Gulf, Northern Patagonia, Argentina): Impact of geomorphologic processes in subsistence and human use of coastal habitats. Quaternary International245(1): 103–110.
47.
FernándezMPonceJFMercauJR, et al. (2020a) Paleolimnological response to climate variability during Late Glacial and Holocene times: A record from Lake Arturo, located in the Fuegian steppe, southern Argentina. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology550: 109737.
48.
FernándezMPonceJFZangrandoFJ, et al. (2020b) Relationships between terrestrial animal exploitation, marine hunter-gatherers and palaeoenvironmental conditions during the Middle-Late Holocene in the Beagle Channel region (Tierra del Fuego). Quaternary International549: 208–217.
49.
Fesq-MartinMFriedmannAPetersM, et al. (2004) Late-glacial and Holocene vegetation history of the Magellanic rain forest in southwestern Patagonia, Chile. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany13(4): 249–255.
50.
FeyMKorrCMaidanaNI, et al. (2009) Palaeoenvironmental changes during the last 1600 years inferred from the sediment record of a cirque lake in southern Patagonia (Laguna Las Vizcachas, Argentina). Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology281(3–4): 363–375.
51.
FickSEHijmansRJ (2017) WorldClim 2: New 1-km spatial resolution climate surfaces for global land areas. International Journal of Climatology37(12): 4302–4315.
52.
FlantuaSGAHooghiemstraHVuilleM, et al. (2016) Climate variability and human impact in South America during the last 2000 years: Synthesis and perspectives from pollen records. Climate of the Past12(2): 483–523.
53.
FletcherMSMorenoPI (2012) Vegetation, climate and fire regime changes in the Andean region of southern Chile (38°S) covaried with centennial-scale climate anomalies in the tropical Pacific over the last 1500 years. Quaternary Science Reviews46: 46–56.
54.
Flores ConiJAgnolinACassiodoroG (2021). Artefactos de molienda en el Holoceno medio y tardío en el centro oeste de Santa Cruz: cambios ambientales y estrategias de procesamiento. In: Proceedings XI Jornadas de Arqueología de la Patagonia. Puerto Montt: Universidad Austral de Chile, pp.48.
55.
FrancoNBorreroLBrookG, et al. (2018) Changes in the technological organization and human use of space in Southern Patagonia (Argentina) during the late-Holocene. In: RobinsonESelletF (eds) Lithic Technological Organization and Paleoenvironmental Change. Cham: Springer, pp.301–320.
56.
FrancoNBorreroLManciniM (2004) Environmental changes and hunter-gatherers in southern Patagonia: Lago Argentino and Cabo Vírgenes (Argentina). Before Farming3: 1–17.
57.
FugassaMGuichónR (2004) Transición epidemiológica en Tierra del Fuego: el contacto indirecto y las enfermedades infecciosas entre 1520 y 1850. Magallania (Punta Arenas)32: 99–113.
58.
García GuraiebSGoñiRGuichón FernándezR, et al. (2019) Características y variaciones de las prácticas mortuorias en el Lago Salitroso (Santa Cruz) durante el Holoceno tardío: actualización de la evidencia e interpretaciones. In: Proceeding of XIV Jornadas Nacionales de Antropología Biológica, San Salvador de Jujuy, p.54.
59.
García GuraiebSGoñiRTessoneA (2015) Paleodemography of Late Holocene hunter-gatherers from Patagonia (Santa Cruz, Argentina): An approach using multiple archaeological and bioarchaeological indicators. Quaternary International356: 147–158.
60.
GarreaudRLopezPMinvielleM, et al. (2013) Large-scale control on the Patagonian climate. Journal of Climate26(1): 215–230.
61.
GarreaudRVuilleMCompagnucciR, et al. (2009) Present-day South American climate. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology281(3–4): 180–195.
62.
GilAFVillalbaRFranchettiFR, et al. (2020) Between foragers and farmers: Climate change and human strategies in Northwestern Patagonia. Quaternary3(2): 17.
63.
GilliAAnselmettiFArizteguiD, et al. (2001) Tracking abrupt climate change in the Southern hemisphere: A seismic stratigraphic study of Lago Cardiel, Argentina (49°S). Terra Nova13: 443–448.
64.
GilliAAnselmettiFSArizteguiD, et al. (2004) Seismic stratigraphy, buried beach ridges and contourite drifts: The late quaternary history of the closed Lago Cardiel basin, Argentina (49°S). Sedimentology52(1): 1–23.
65.
GilliAArizteguiDAnselmettiFS, et al. (2005b) Mid-Holocene strengthening of the southern westerlies in South America—Sedimentological evidences from Lago Cardiel, Argentina (49°S). Global and Planetary Change49(1–2): 75–93.
66.
Gómez OteroJSchusterVBanegasA (2017) Archaeology of the Península Valdés: Spatial and temporal variability in the human use of the landscape and geological resources. In: BouzaPBimesA (eds) Late Cenozoic of Península Valdés, Patagonia, Argentina. Cham: Springer, pp.233–261.
67.
GoñiRBarrientosGCassiodoroG (2000–2002) Condiciones previas a la extinción de las poblaciones humanas del sur de Patagonia: una discusión a partir del análisis del registro arqueológico de la cuenca del lago Salitroso. Cuadernos19: 249–266.
68.
GoñiRReAGarcía GuraiebS, et al. (2019) Climate changes, human peopling and regional differentiation during late Holocene in Patagonia. Quaternary International505: 4–20.
69.
GordónF (2015) Bioarchaeological patterns of violence in North Patagonia (Argentina) during the late Holocene: Implications for the study of population dynamics.International Journal of Osteoarchaeology25(5): 625–636.
70.
GourouPPapyL (1966) Compendio de geografía general. Madrid: Ediciones RIALP.
71.
GrahamNEAmmannCMFleitmannD, et al. (2011) Support for global climate reorganization during the “Medieval Climate Anomaly.”Climate Dynamics37(5–6): 1217–1245.
72.
GrayLJBeerJGellerM, et al. (2010) Solar influences on climate. Reviews of Geophysics48(4): 1–53.
73.
HaberzettlTFeyMLückeA, et al. (2005) Climatically induced lake level changes during the last two millennia as reflected in sediments of Laguna Potrok Aike, southern Patagonia (Santa Cruz, Argentina). Journal of Paleolimnology33(3): 283–302.
74.
HalsteadPO’SheaJ (1989) Bad Year Economics: Cultural Responses to Risk and Uncertainty. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
75.
HaugGHHughenKASigmanDM, et al. (2001) Southward migration of the intertropical convergence zone through the Holocene. Science293(5533): 1304–1308.
76.
HobbsNReidRGalvinK, et al. (2008) Fragmentation of arid and semi-arid ecosystems: Implications for people and animals. In: GalvinKReidRBehnkeR, et al. (eds) Fragmentation in Semi-Arid and Arid Landscapes. Dordrecht: Springer, pp.25–44.
77.
HoldawaySPorchN (1995) Cyclical patterns in the Pleistocene human occupation of Southwest Tasmania. Archaeology in Oceania30(2): 74–82.
78.
HoldawaySJFanningPC (2010) Geoarchaeology in Australia: Understanding human-environment interactions. Geological Society London Special Publications346(1): 71–85.
79.
HollingCS (1973) Resilience and stability of ecological systems. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics4(1): 1–23.
80.
HuangJLeiSTangL, et al. (2020) Mid-Holocene environmental change and human response at the Neolithic Wuguishan site in the Ningbo coastal lowland of East China. The Holocene30(11): 1591–1605.
81.
IglesiasVHaberleSGHolzA, et al. (2018) Holocene dynamics of temperate rainforests in west-central patagonia. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution5: 177.
82.
IglesiasVMarkgrafVWhitlockC (2016) 17,000 years of vegetation, fire and climate change in the eastern foothills of the Andes (lat. 44 S). Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology457: 195–208.
83.
IglesiasVWhitlockCMarkgrafV, et al. (2014) Postglacial history of the Patagonian forest/steppe ecotone (41–43 S). Quaternary Science Reviews94: 120–135.
84.
JacksonRArneborgJDugmoreA, et al. (2018) Disequilibrium, adaptation, and the Norse settlement of Greenland. Human Ecology46(5): 665–684.
85.
JazwaCSKennettDJWinterhalderB, et al. (2019) Territoriality and the rise of despotic social organization on western Santa Rosa Island, California. Quaternary International518: 41–56.
86.
JerardinoANavarroROrtonJ, et al. (2018) Late-Holocene climatic and cultural variability at a focal point of settlement near Lamberts Bay, South Africa: Test excavations at Soutpansklipheuwel. The South African Archaeological Bulletin73: 13–34.
87.
JonesTLBrownGMRaabLM, et al. (1999) Environmental imperatives reconsidered: Demographic crises in western North America during the medieval climatic anomaly. Current Anthropology40: 137–170.
88.
JonesTLSchwitallaA (2008) Archaeological perspectives on the effects of medieval drought in prehistoric California. Quaternary International188: 41–58.
89.
KastnerSEntersDOhlendorfC, et al. (2010) Reconstructing 2000 years of hydrological variation derived from laminated proglacial sediments of Lago del Desierto at the eastern margin of the South Patagonian Ice Field, Argentina. Global and Planetary Change72(3): 201–214.
90.
KinahanJ (2016) Human responses to climatic variation in the Namib Desert during the last 1,000 years. African Archaeological Review33(2): 183–203.
91.
LambH (1965) The early medieval warm epoch and its sequel. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology1: 13–37.
92.
LamyFHebbelnDRöhlU, et al. (2001) Holocene rainfall variability in southern Chile: A marine record of latitudinal shifts of the Southern Westerlies. Earth and Planetary Science Letters185(3–4): 369–382.
93.
LamyFRühlemannCHebbelnD, et al. (2002) High- and low-latitude climate control on the position of the southern Peru-Chile current during the Holocene. Paleoceanography17(2): 16–21.
94.
LaraAVillalbaR (1993) A 3620-year temperature record from Fitzroya cupressoides tree rings in southern South America. Science260: 1104–1106.
95.
LaraAVillalbaRUrrutia-JalabertR, et al. (2020) +A 5680-year tree-ring temperature record for southern South America. Quaternary Science Reviews228: 106087.
96.
LedruMJomelliVSamaniegoP, et al. (2013) The Medieval climate anomaly and the Little Ice Age in the eastern Ecuadorian Andes. Climate of the Past9(1): 307–321.
97.
LuebertFPliscoffP (2017) Sinopsis bioclimática y vegetacional de Chile, vol. 2. Santiago: Editorial Universitaria.
98.
LüningSGałkaMBamonteFP, et al. (2019) The medieval climate anomaly in South America. Quaternary International508: 70–87.
99.
LuterbacherJNeukomRGonzález-RoucoF, et al. (2011) Reconstructed and simulated medieval climate anomaly in southern South America. PAGES19: 20–21.
100.
MannMEZhangZRutherfordS, et al. (2009) Global signatures and dynamical origins of the little ice age and medieval climate anomaly. Science326(5957): 1256–1260.
101.
MarchantRRicherSBolesO, et al. (2018) Drivers and trajectories of land cover change in East Africa: Human and environmental interactions from 6000 years ago to present. Earth-Science Reviews178: 322–378.
102.
MarcosMAManciniMVDuboisCMF (2012) Middle- to late-Holocene environmental changes in Bajo de la Quinta, NE Patagonia, inferred by palynological records and their relation to human occupation. The Holocene22(11): 1271–1281.
103.
MarkgrafVBradburyJPSchwalbA, et al. (2003) Holocene palaeoclimates of southern Patagonia: Limnological and environmental history of Lago Cardiel, Argentina. The Holocene13(4): 581–591.
104.
MarkgrafVHuberUM (2010) Late and postglacial vegetation and fire history in Southern Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology297(2): 351–366.
105.
MartinFMBorreroLA (2017) Climate change, availability of territory, and Late Pleistocene human exploration of Ultima Esperanza, South Chile. Quaternary International428: 86–95.
106.
MartinicM (1995) Los Aónikenk. Historia y Cultura. Punta Arenas: Editorial de la Universidad de Magallanes.
107.
McCullochRDBlaikieJJacobB, et al. (2020) Late glacial and Holocene climate variability, southernmost Patagonia. Quaternary Science Reviews229: 106131.
108.
MéndezCBarberenaRReyesO, et al. (2014) Isotopic ecology and human diets in the Forest–Steppe Ecotone, Aisén Region, Central-Western Patagonia, Chile. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology24(2): 187–201.
109.
MéndezCGilANemeG, et al. (2015) Mid Holocene radiocarbon ages in the Subtropical Andes (∼29°–35° S), climatic change and implications for human space organization. Quaternary International356: 15–26.
110.
MéndezCReyesODelaunayAN, et al. (2016) Las Quemas rockshelter: Understanding human occupations of Andean forests of central Patagonia (Aisén, Chile), Southern South America. Latin American Antiquity27(2): 207–226.
111.
MensingSTunnoICifaniG, et al. (2016) Human and climatically induced environmental change in the Mediterranean during the Medieval Climate Anomaly and Little Ice Age: A case from central Italy. Anthropocene15: 49–59.
112.
MitchellPJ (2017) Discontinuities in hunter-gatherer prehistory in southern African drylands. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology46: 40–52.
113.
MohtadiMRomeroOEKaiserJ, et al. (2007) Cooling of the southern high latitudes during the medieval period and its effect on ENSO. Quaternary Science Reviews26(7–8): 1055–1066.
114.
MontecinosAAceitunoP (2003) Seasonality of the ENSO-related rainfall variability in central Chile and associated circulation anomalies. Journal of Climate16(2): 281–296.
115.
MoralesMBarberenaRBelardiJB, et al. (2009) Reviewing human–environment interactions in arid regions of southern South America during the past 3000 years. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology281(3–4): 283–295.
116.
MoralesMRBustosSOxmanBI, et al. (2018) Exploring habitat diversity of mid-holocene hunter-gatherers in the South-Central Andes: Multi-proxy analysis of Cruces Core 1 (TC1), Dry Puna of Jujuy, Argentina. Journal of Archaeological Science Reports18: 708–721.
117.
MoralesMSCookERBarichivichJ, et al. (2020) Six hundred years of South American tree rings reveal an increase in severe hydroclimatic events since mid-20th century. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences117(29): 16816–16823.
118.
MorelloFBorreroLMassoneM, et al. (2012) Hunter-gatherers, biogeographic barriers and the development of human settlement in Tierra del Fuego. Antiquity86(331): 71–87.
119.
MorenoPFrançoisJVilla-MartínezRP, et al. (2009) Millennial-scale variability in Southern Hemisphere westerly wind activity over the last 5000 years in SW Patagonia. Quaternary Science Reviews28(1–2): 25–38.
120.
MorenoPVidelaJ (2016) Centennial and millennial-scale hydroclimate changes in northwestern Patagonia since 16,000 yr BP. Quaternary Science Reviews149: 326–337.
121.
MorenoPIVilanovaIVilla-MartínezR, et al. (2014) Southern annular mode-like changes in southwestern Patagonia at centennial timescales over the last three millennia. Nature Communications5(1): 4375–4377.
122.
MorenoPIVilanovaIVilla-MartínezR, et al. (2018) Onset and evolution of southern annular mode-like changes at centennial timescale. Scientific Reports8(1): 3458–3459.
123.
MoyCMDunbarRBMorenoPI, et al. (2008) Isotopic evidence for hydrologic change related to the westerlies in SW Patagonia, Chile, during the last millennium. Quaternary Science Reviews27(13–14): 1335–1349.
124.
MühlinghausCScholzDManginiA (2008) Temperature and precipitation records from stalagmites grown under disequilibrium conditions: A first approach. Earth and Planetary Science Letters233: 17–32.
125.
MuñozPGorinGParraN, et al. (2017) Holocene climatic variations in the Western Cordillera of Colombia: A multiproxy high-resolution record unravels the dual influence of ENSO and ITCZ. Quaternary Science Reviews155: 159–178.
126.
MusottoLLBorromeiAMBianchinottiMV, et al. (2017) Late quaternary palaeoenvironmental reconstruction of central Tierra del Fuego (Argentina) based on pollen and fungi. Quaternary International442: 13–25.
127.
MusottoLLBorromeiAMCoronatoA, et al. (2016) Late Pleistocene and Holocene palaeoenvironmental changes in central Tierra del Fuego (~54°S) inferred from pollen analysis. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany25(2): 117–130.
128.
NacuzziL (2005) Las identidades étnicas y sus límites. Identidades impuestas. Tehuelches, aucas y pampas en el norte de la Patagonia. Buenos Aires: Sociedad Argentina de Antropología, pp.103–164.
129.
NeukomRGergisJKarolyDJ, et al. (2014) Inter-hemispheric temperature variability over the past millennium. Nature Climate Change4(5): 362–367.
130.
NeukomRLuterbacherJVillalbaR, et al. (2011) Multiproxy summer and winter surface air temperature field reconstructions for southern South America covering the past centuries. Climate Dynamics37(1–2): 35–51.
131.
NunnPDHunter-AndersonRCarsonMT, et al. (2007) Times of plenty, times of less: Last-millennium societal disruption in the Pacific Basin. Human Ecology35(4): 385–401.
132.
Odling-SmeeJFLalandKFeldmanM (2003) Niche Construction: The Neglected Process in Evolution. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
133.
OhlendorfCFeyMMassaferroJ, et al. (2014) Late Holocene hydrology inferred from lacustrine sediments of Laguna Cháltel (southeastern Argentina). Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology411: 229–248.
134.
Oliver-SmithA (1996) Anthropological research on hazards and disasters. Annual Review of Anthropology25(1): 303–328.
135.
OrqueraLPianaE (1995) La imagen de los canoeros magallánico-fueguinos: conceptos y tendencias. RUNA22(1): 187–245.
136.
OyarzabalMClavijoJOakleyL, et al. (2018) Unidades de vegetación de la Argentina. Ecología Austral28: 40–63.
137.
OzánILPalloMC (2019) Past human populations and landscapes in the Fuegian Archipelago, southernmost South America. Quaternary Research92(2): 304–322.
138.
PalloMCCiriglianoNCharlinJ, et al. (2020) Tecnología lítica y uso del bosque patagónico entre cazadores recolectores: los casos de Puesto Aserradero y Laguna Cóndor (SO de Santa Cruz, Argentina). Revista del Museo de Antropología13(3): 7–22.
139.
PalloMCOzánIL (2014) Variaciones demográficas y climáticas durante el Holoceno Tardío final. en Magallania. 8: 20–47.
140.
ParueloJBeltránAJobbágyE, et al. (1998) The climate of Patagonia: General patterns and controls on biotic processes. Ecología Austral8(2): 85–101.
141.
PerezSIPostilloneMBRindelD, et al. (2016) Peopling time, spatial occupation and demography of Late Pleistocene–Holocene human population from Patagonia. Quaternary International425: 214–223.
142.
PesceOHMorenoPI (2014) Vegetation, fire and climate change in central-east Isla Grande de Chiloé (43°S) since the Last Glacial Maximum, northwestern Patagonia. Quaternary Science Reviews90: 143–157.
143.
PlachetkaUC (2014) Sundials for urban farming in an early Inca city. Universal Journal of Agricultural Research2: 107–114.
144.
QuadeJKaplanMR (2017) Lake-level stratigraphy and geochronology revisited at Lago (Lake) Cardiel, Argentina, and changes in the Southern Hemispheric Westerlies over the last 25 ka. Quaternary Science Reviews177: 173–188.
145.
RamosLAlperinMSchwalbA, et al. (2019) Changes in ostracod assemblages and morphologies during lake-level variations of Lago Cardiel (49°S), Patagonia, Argentina, over the last 15.6 ka. Boreas48(3): 746–760.
146.
RindelDGoñiRBelardiJB, et al. (2017) Climatic changes and hunter-gatherer populations: Archaeozoological trends in southern Patagonia. In: MonksG (ed.) Climate Change and Human Responses. Dordrecht: Springer, pp.153–172.
147.
RojasMAriasPAFlores-AquevequeV, et al. (2016) The South American monsoon variability over the last millennium in climate models. Climate of the Past12(8): 1681–1691.
148.
RullV (2019) The deforestation of Easter Island. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society95(1): 124–141.
149.
SandweissDQuilterJ (2012) Collation, correlation, and causation in the prehistory of coastal Peru. In: CooperJSheetsP (eds) Surviving Sudden Environmental Change: Understanding Hazards, Mitigating Impacts, Avoiding Disasters. Colorado: University Press of Colorado, pp.117–141.
150.
San RomanMReyesOMorelloF, et al. (2016) Archaeology of maritime Hunter-gatherers from Southernmost Patagonia, South America: Discussing timing, changes and cultural traditions during the Holocene. In: BjerckH (ed.) Marine Ventures-Archaeological Perspectives on Human-Sea Relations. Scheffield: eBook Publishing, pp.157–174.
151.
ScheinsohnV (2010) Hearts and Bones: Bone Raw Material Exploitation in Tierra del Fuego. Oxford: BAR International Series, pp.20–24.
152.
ScheinsohnV (2018) Extreme environments archaeology. In:Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp.1–7.
153.
ScheinsohnVLeonardtSRizzoF, et al. (2020) Cazadores-recolectores y construcción de nicho en el bosque patagónico: el caso del valle del río Pico (Centro-Oeste del Chubut). Revista del Museo de Antropología13: 279–294.
154.
ScheinsohnVMatteucciS (2013) A regional model of archaeological distributions for Northwestern Andean Patagonia (Argentina). In: TorresFIzetaA (eds) El uso de Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG) en arqueología sudamericana. Oxford: Archaeopress, pp.61–72.
155.
SchimpfDKilianRKronzA, et al. (2011) The significance of chemical, isotopic, and detrital components in three coeval stalagmites from the superhumid southernmost Andes (53°S) as high-resolution palaeo-climate proxies. Quaternary Science Reviews30(3–4): 443–459.
156.
SchittekKKockSTLückeA, et al. (2016) A high-altitude peatland record of environmental changes in the NW Argentine Andes (24°S) over the last 2100 years. Climate of the Past12: 1165–1180.
157.
SepúlvedaJPantojaSHughenKA, et al. (2009) Late Holocene sea-surface temperature and precipitation variability in northern Patagonia, Chile (Jacaf Fjord, 44°S). Quaternary Research72(3): 400–409.
158.
SmithM (2013) The Archaeology of Australia’s Deserts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
159.
SmithMAWilliamsANTurneyCS, et al. (2008) Human–environment interactions in Australian drylands: Exploratory time-series analysis of archaeological records. The Holocene18(3): 389–401.
160.
SubyJLunaLArandaC, et al. (2017) First approximation to paleodemography through age-at-death profiles in hunter-gatherers from Southern Patagonia during middle-late Holocene. Quaternary International438:174–188.
161.
StineS (1994) Extreme and persistent drought in California and Patagonia during mediaeval time. Nature369(6481): 546–549.
162.
StutzSBorelCMFontanaSL, et al. (2010) Late Holocene climate and environment of the SE Pampa grasslands, Argentina, inferred from biological indicators in shallow, freshwater Lake Nahuel Rucá. Journal of Paleolimnology44(3): 761–775.
163.
StutzSBorelCMFontanaSL, et al. (2012) Holocene changes in trophic states of shallow lakes from the Pampa plain of Argentina. The Holocene22(11): 1263–1270.
164.
TonelloMSManciniMVSeppäH (2009) Quantitative reconstruction of Holocene precipitation changes in southern Patagonia. Quaternary Research72(3): 410–420.
165.
Troncoso CastroJMVergaraCAlvarezD, et al. (2019) A new multi-proxy record of environmental change over the last 1000 years on Chiloé Island: Lake Pastahué, south-central Chile (42°S). The Holocene29(3): 421–431.
166.
van BellenSMauquoyDHughesPD, et al. (2016) Late-Holocene climate dynamics recorded in the peat bogs of Tierra del Fuego, South America. The Holocene26(3): 489–501.
167.
VarmaVPrangeMLamyF, et al. (2011) Solar-forced shifts of the Southern Hemisphere Westerlies during the Holocene. Climate of the Past7(2): 339–347.
168.
VethP (2005) Cycles of aridity and human mobility risk minimization among late Pleistocene foragers of the Western Desert, Australia. In: VethPSmithMHiscockP (eds) Desert Peoples: Archaeological Perspectives. Oxford: Blackwell, pp.100–115.
169.
VillalbaR (1990) Climatic fluctuations in northern Patagonia during the last 1000 years as inferred from tree-ring records. Quaternary Research34(3): 346–360.
170.
VillalbaR (1994) Tree-ring and glacial evidence for the Medieval Warm Epoch and the Little Ice Age in southern South America. In: HughesMDiazH (eds) The Medieval Warm Period. Dordrecht: Springer, pp.183–197.
171.
VillalbaR (2007) Tree-ring evidence for tropical-extratropical influences on climate variability along the Andes in South America. Pages News15(2): 23–25.
172.
VillalbaRGrosjeanMKieferT (2009) Long-term multiproxy climate reconstructions and dynamics in South America (LOTRED-SA): State of the art and perspectives. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology281: 175–179.
173.
Villa-MartínezRMorenoPI (2007) Pollen evidence for variations in the southern margin of the westerly winds in SW Patagonia over the last 12,600 years. Quaternary Research68(3): 400–409.
174.
Virginia ManciniMGrahamM (2014) Registros polínicos de depósitos del Holoceno en el sudeste de Patagonia, Argentina: Su aplicación en la reconstrucción paleoambiental. Ameghiniana51(3): 194–208.
175.
VuilleMBurnsSJTaylorBL, et al. (2012) A review of the South American monsoon history as recorded in stable isotopic proxies over the past two millennia. Climate of the Past8(4): 1309–1321.
176.
WhallonR (2006) Social networks and information: Non-“utilitarian” mobility among hunter-gatherers. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology25(2): 259–270.
177.
WhitlockCBianchiMMBartleinPJ, et al. (2006) Postglacial vegetation, climate, and fire history along the east side of the Andes (lat 41–42.5°S), Argentina. Quaternary Research66(2): 187–201.
178.
WilliamsANUlmSGoodwinID, et al. (2010) Hunter-gatherer response to late Holocene climatic variability in northern and central Australia. Journal of Quaternary Science25(6): 831–838.
179.
XoplakiEFleitmannDLuterbacherJ, et al. (2016) The medieval climate anomaly and Byzantium: A review of the evidence on climatic fluctuations, economic performance and societal change. Quaternary Science Reviews136: 229–252.
180.
YacobaccioHDMoralesMRHoguinR (2017) Habitats of ancient hunter-gatherers in the Puna: Resilience and discontinuities during the Holocene. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology46: 92–100.
181.
YellenJE (1977) Long term hunter-gatherer adaptation to desert environments: A biogeographical perspective. World Archaeology8: 262–274.
182.
ZangrandoAFRiccialdelliLKochiS, et al. (2016) Stable isotope evidence supports pelagic fishing by hunter-gatherers in southern South America during the Late Holocene. Journal of Archaeological Science Reports8: 486–491.
183.
ZangrandoF (2009) Historia evolutiva y subsistencia de cazadores-recolectores marítimos de Tierra del Fuego. Buenos Aires: Sociedad Argentina de Antropología.
184.
ZangrandoFTessoneAVázquezM (2009) El uso de espacios marginales en el archipiélago fueguino: implicaciones de la evidencia arqueológica de Bahía Valentín. In: SalemmeMSantiagoFÁlvarezM, et al. (eds) Arqueología de Patagonia: una mirada desde el último confín. Ushuaia: Utopía, pp.47–62.
185.
ZolitschkaBFeyMJanssenS, et al. (2019) Southern Hemispheric westerlies control sedimentary processes of Laguna Azul (south-eastern Patagonia, Argentina). The Holocene29(3): 403–420.
186.
ZubimendiMAAmbrústoloPZilioL, et al. (2015) Continuity and discontinuity in the human use of the north coast of Santa Cruz (Patagonia Argentina) through its radiocarbon record. Quaternary International356: 127–146.
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
