Mid- to late-Holocene analysis of the influence of the La Plata River plume on the southwestern Atlantic shelf: A paleoenvironmental reconstruction based on lipid biomarkers and benthic foraminifera
Restricted accessResearch articleFirst published online November, 2022
Mid- to late-Holocene analysis of the influence of the La Plata River plume on the southwestern Atlantic shelf: A paleoenvironmental reconstruction based on lipid biomarkers and benthic foraminifera
A combined analysis of sedimentological, molecular, and microfossil proxies was used to determine paleoclimatic and paleoceanographic variations and assess sediment transport pathways along the last c.a. 6300 years in a sedimentary record collected on the inner shelf of the southwestern Atlantic Ocean. The combined use of terrestrial and marine proxies enables a more complete environmental perspective of the La Plata River plume influence on the southwestern Atlantic shelf, regarding the relationship between climate, productivity, as well as hydrodynamic. Variations in marine productivity, lipid biomarkers of terrestrial plants, diagnostic geochemical indices, and sea-surface temperature point to three phases within the core. The first interval (6300–5200 cal yr BP) was characterized by low marine and terrigenous organic matter input, with pulses of phytodetritus indicated by benthic foraminifera. These features suggested dry climatic conditions over the southeastern portion of South America, with the influence of sediments from the adjacent continent and, on a smaller scale, transported from the Argentinian shelf due to the high relative sea level. The second interval (5200–2800 cal yr BP) was distinguished by a slight increase in marine productivity and terrigenous input, indicating a transition period with an increase of total rainfall influenced by an intensified South American Monsoon System (SAMS) and the modern El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon. These features, associated with the changes in wind patterns and the lower relative sea level, suggest the onset of the influence of the La Plata River (LPR) plume over the southern regions of the Brazilian continental shelf for the last 6300 cal yr BP. The last interval (2800–890 cal yr BP) had the highest contents of marine and terrigenous proxies, suggesting less climatic variability, as the long-term intensification of the SAMS and a further increase in the amplitude of the ENSO resulted in the modern establishment and dominant influence of the LPR plume on the core site. Variations in sea-surface temperature up to 3.3°C were related to the influence of the LPR plume on the shelf off southern Brazil.
AchaEMianzanHGuerreroR, et al. (2008) An overview of physical and ecological processes in the Rio de la Plata Estuary. Continental Shelf Research28(13): 1579–1588.
2.
AlvesEMacarioKSouzaR, et al. (2016) corrigendum to ‘radiocarbon reservoir corrections on the Brazilian coast from prebomb marine shells’ [Quat. Geochronol. 29 (2015) 30–35]. Quaternary Geochronology31: 1–2.
3.
AnguloRLessaGSouzaM (2006) A critical review of mid- to late-Holocene sea-level fluctuations on the eastern Brazilian coastline. Quaternary Science Reviews25(5–6): 486–506.
4.
BadewienTVogtsADupontL, et al. (2015) Influence of late Pleistocene and Holocene climate on vegetation distributions in southwest Africa elucidated from sedimentary n-alkanes – differences between 12°S and 20°S. Quaternary Science Reviews125: 160–171.
5.
BakerPASeltzerGOFritzSC, et al. (2001) The history of South American tropical precipitation for the past 25,000 years. Science291(5504): 640–643.
6.
BarbosaVP (1998) Foraminíferos bentônicos quaternários do Talude continental da Bacia de Santos: Sistemática, paleobatimetria e paleoecologia. Master Dissertation, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil: Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.
7.
BehlingH (1997) Late quaternary vegetation, climate and fire history of the Araucaria forest and campos region from Serra Campos Gerais, ParanáState (South Brazil). Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology97(1–2): 109–121.
8.
BehlingH (1998) Late quaternary vegetational and climatic changes in Brazil. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology99(2): 143–156.
9.
BehlingH (2002) Late quaternary vegetation and climate dynamics in Southeastern Amazonia inferred from Lagoa da Confusao in Tocantins state, northern Brazil. Amazoniana: Limnologia et Oecologia Regionalis Systematis Fluminis Amazonas17(1–2): 27–39.
10.
BehlingHNegrelleRRB (2001) Tropical rain forest and climate dynamics of the Atlantic Lowland, Southern Brazil, during the late quaternary. Quaternary Research56(3): 383–389.
11.
BenderVBHanebuthTJJChiessiCM (2013) Holocene shifts of the subtropical shelf front off Southeastern South America controlled by high and low latitude atmospheric forcings. Paleoceanography28(3): 481–490.
12.
BergerALoutreMF (1991) Insolation values for the climate of the last 10 million years. Quaternary Science Reviews10(4): 297–317.
13.
BernalJPCruzFWStríkisNM, et al. (2016) High-resolution Holocene South American monsoon history recorded by a speleothem from Botuverá Cave, Brazil. Earth and Planetary Science Letters450: 186–196.
14.
BilóTCSilveiraIRochaCB, et al. (2014) On the Brazil current thickening in Santos Basin (23–28 S), OSM, ID, 14707.
15.
BlaauwMChristenJA (2011) Flexible paleoclimate age-depth models using an autoregressive gamma process. Bayesian Analysis6: 457–474.
16.
BoltovskoyEGiussaniGWatanabeS, et al. (1980) Atlas of Benthic Shelf Foraminifera of the Southwest Atlantic. The Hangue: Dr. W. Junk bv Publishers, p.147.
17.
BondGShowersWChesebyM, et al. (1997) A pervasive millennial-scale cycle in North Atlantic Holocene and glacial climates. Science278(5341): 1257–1266.
18.
BonettiC (2000) Foraminiferos Como Bioindicadores Dos Gradiente De Estresse Ecológico Em Ambientes Costeiros Poluídos. Estudo Aplicado Ao Sistema Estuarino de Santos-São Vicente (SP, Brasil). Tese de Doutorado. São paulo, Brazil: Instituto Oceanografico, Universidade de São Paulo, p.229.
19.
BraccoRdel PuertoLIndaH, et al. (2005) Mid–late Holocene cultural and environmental dynamics in Eastern Uruguay. Quaternary International132(1): 37–45.
20.
BrancoJOLunardon-BrancoMJBellottoVR (2009) Estu’ario do Rio Itajaí-Açú. Santa Catarina: Caracterização Ambiental e Alterações Antrópicas.
21.
BrandiniFPNogueiraMSimiãoM, et al. (2014) Deep chlorophyll maximum and plankton community response to oceanic bottom intrusions on the continental shelf in the South Brazilian Bight. Continental Shelf Research89: 61–75.
22.
BrassellSCBreretonRGEglintonG, et al. (1986) Palaeoclimatic signals recognized by chemometric treatment of molecular stratigraphic data. Organic Geochemistry10(4–6): 649–660.
23.
BrayEEEvansED (1961) Distribution of n-paraffins as a clue to recognition of source beds. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta22(1): 2–15.
24.
BrierleyCWainerI (2018) Inter-annual variability in the tropical Atlantic from the last glacial maximum into future climate projections simulated by CMIP5/PMIP3. Climate of the Past14(10): 1377–1390.
25.
BuroneL (2002) Foraminíferos bentônicos e parâmetros físico-químicos da Enseada de Ubatuba, São Paulo: estudo ecológico em uma área com poluição orgânica. Tese de doutorado. Thesis Dissertation, São Paulo, Brazil: Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo. p.279.
26.
BuroneLde Mello e SousaSHde MahiquesMM, et al. (2011) Benthic foraminiferal distribution on the Southeastern Brazilian shelf and upper slope. Marine Biology158(1): 159–179.
27.
BuroneLOrtegaLFranco-FraguasP, et al. (2013) A multiproxy study between the Río de la Plata and the adjacent South-western Atlantic inner shelf to assess the sediment footprint of river vs. marine influence. Continental Shelf Research55: 141–154.
28.
BushRTMcInerneyFA (2013) Leaf wax n-alkane distributions in and across modern plants: Implications for paleoecology and chemotaxonomy. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta117: 161–179.
29.
CamposEJDGonçalvesJEIkedaY (1995) Water mass characteristics and geostrophic circulation in the South Brazil Bight: Summer of 1991. Journal of Geophysical Research100(C9): 18537.
30.
CamposEJDMulkherjeeSPiolaAR, et al. (2008) A note on a mineralogical analysis of the sediments associated with the Plata River and Patos Lagoon outflows. Continental Shelf Research28(13): 1687–1691.
31.
CamposEJDVelhoteDda SilveiraICA (2000) Shelf break upwelling driven by Brazil current cyclonic meanders. Geophysical Research Letters27(6): 751–754.
32.
CamposPCMöllerOOPiolaAR, et al. (2013) Seasonal variability and coastal upwelling near Cape Santa Marta (Brazil). Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans118: 1420–1433.
33.
Ça SchettiniCAFde AlmeidaDCSiegleE, et al. (2010) A snapshot of suspended sediment and fluid mud occurrence in a mixed-energy embayment, Tijucas Bay, Brazil. Geo-Marine Letters30(1): 47–62.
34.
CastelãoRMCamposEJDMillerJL (2004) A modelling study of coastal upwelling driven by wind and meanders of the Brazil current. Journal of Coastal Research203: 662–671.
35.
CavallottoJViolanteRAParkerG (2004) Sea-level fluctuations during the last 8600 years in the de la Plata river (Argentina). Quaternary International114(1): 155–165.
36.
CeccopieriMCarreiraRSWagenerALR, et al. (2018) On the application of alkenone-and GDGT-based temperature proxies in the south-eastern Brazilian continental margin. Organic Geochemistry126: 43–56.
37.
ChengHSinhaACruzFW, et al. (2013) Climate change patterns in Amazonia and biodiversity. Nature Communications4(1): 1411.
38.
ChiessiCMMulitzaSGroeneveldJ, et al. (2014) Variability of the Brazil current during the late Holocene. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology415: 28–36.
39.
ChiessiCMMulitzaSPätzoldJ, et al. (2009) Possible impact of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation on the South American summer monsoon. Geophysical Research Letters36(21): L21707.
40.
ChiessiCMMulitzaSPätzoldJ, et al. (2010) How different proxies record precipitation variability over southeastern South America. IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science9: 012007.
41.
CiottiÁMOdebrechtCFillmannG, et al. (1995) Freshwater outflow and subtropical convergence influence on phytoplankton biomass on the southern Brazilian continental shelf. Continental Shelf Research15(14): 1737–1756.
42.
ClarkRCJrBlumerM (1967) Distribution of n-paraffins in marine organisms and sediment. Limnology and Oceanography12(1): 79–87.
43.
CoeHHGMacarioKGomesJG, et al. (2014) Understanding Holocene variations in the vegetation of Sao Joao River basin, southeastern coast of Brazil, using phytolith and carbon isotopic analyses. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology415: 59–68.
44.
ContrerasSAZucolAF (2019) Late quaternary vegetation history based on phytolith records in the eastern Chaco (Argentina). Quaternary International505: 21–33.
45.
CordeiroLGBelemALBouloubassiI, et al. (2014) Reconstruction of Southwestern Atlantic sea surface temperatures during the last century: Cabo Frio continental shelf (Brazil). Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology415: 225–232.
46.
CorlissBHBrownCWSunX, et al. (2009) Deep-sea benthic diversity linked to seasonality of pelagic productivity. Deep Sea Research Part I Oceanographic Research Papers56(5): 835–841.
47.
CranwellPA (1973) Chain-length distribution of n-alkanes from lake sediments in relation to post-glacial environmental change. Freshwater Biology3(3): 259–265.
48.
CruzFWBurnsSJJercinovicM, et al. (2007) Evidence of rainfall variations in Southern Brazil from trace element ratios (Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca) in a late Pleistocene stalagmite. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta71(9): 2250–2263.
49.
CruzFwJrBurnsSJKarmannI, et al. (2005) Insolation-driven changes in atmospheric circulation over the past 116,000 years in subtropical Brazil. Nature434(7029): 63–66.
50.
CruzFWVuilleMBurnsSJ, et al. (2009) Orbitally driven east–west antiphasing of South American precipitation. Nature Geoscience2(3): 210–214.
51.
CurryWBDuplessyJCLabeyrieLD, et al. (1988) Changes in the distribution of δ13C of deep water ΣCO2 between the last Glaciation and the Holocene. Paleoceanography3(3): 317–341.
52.
DamstéJSSVerschurenDOssebaarJ, et al. (2011) A 25,000-year record of climate-induced changes in lowland vegetation of eastern equatorial Africa revealed by the stable carbon-isotopic composition of fossil plant leaf waxes. Earth and Planetary Science Letters302(1–2): 236–246.
53.
de Freitas TonioloTGianniniPCFAnguloRJ, et al. (2020) Sea-level fall and coastal water cooling during the late Holocene in Southeastern Brazil based on vermetid bioconstructions. Marine Geology428: 106281.
54.
de MahiquesMAlmeida da SilveiraICde Mello e SousaSH, et al. (2002) Post-LGM sedimentation on the outer shelf–upper slope of the northernmost part of the São Paulo Bight, southeastern Brazil. Marine Geology181(4): 387–400.
55.
de MahiquesMMCoaracy WainerIKBuroneL, et al. (2009) A high-resolution Holocene record on the Southern Brazilian shelf: Paleoenvironmental implications. Quaternary International206(1–2): 52–61.
56.
de MahiquesMMFigueiraRCLde Mello SousaSH, et al. (2020) Sedimentation on the southern Brazilian shelf mud depocenters: Insights on potential source areas. Journal of South American Earth Sciences100: 102577.
57.
de MahiquesMMMishimaYRodriguesM (1999) Characteristics of the sedimentary organic matter on the inner and middle continental shelf between Guanabara Bay and São Francisco do Sul, southeastern Brazilian margin. Continental Shelf Research19: 775–798.
58.
de MahiquesMMTesslerMGMaria CiottiA, et al. (2004) Hydrodynamically driven patterns of recent sedimentation in the shelf and upper slope off Southeast Brazil. Continental Shelf Research24(15): 1685–1697.
59.
de Mello e SousaSHPassosRFFukumotoM, et al. (2006) Mid-lower bathyal benthic foraminifera of the Campos Basin, Southeastern Brazilian margin: Biotopes and controlling ecological factors. Marine Micropaleontology61(1–3): 40–57.
60.
DepetrisPJPasquiniAI (2007) The geochemistry of the Paraná River: An overview. In: IriondoMHPaggiJCParmaMJ (eds) The Middle Paraná River: Limnology of a Subtropical Wetland. New York, NY: Springer, pp.143–174.
61.
de SouzaRBRobinsonIS (2004) Lagrangian and satellite observations of the Brazilian coastal current. Continental Shelf Research24(2): 241–262.
62.
DiasBBBarbosaCFFariaGR, et al. (2018) The effects of multidecadal-scale phytodetritus disturbances on the benthic foraminiferal community of a western boundary upwelling system, Brazil. Marine Micropaleontology139: 102–112.
63.
DonniciSBarberoRS (2002) The benthic foraminiferal communities of the northern Adriatic continental shelf. Marine Micropaleontology44(3–4): 93–123.
EichlerPPSen GuptaBKEichlerBB, et al. (2008) Benthic foraminiferal assemblages of the South Brazil: Relationship to water masses and nutrient distributions. Continental Shelf Research28(13): 1674–1686.
66.
EichlerPPBPimentaFMEichlerBB, et al. (2016) Living benthic foraminiferal species as indicators of cold-warm water masses interaction and upwelling areas. Continental Shelf Research116: 116–121.
67.
EichlerPPBRodriguesARGomesMP, et al. (2019) Benthic foraminifera as indicators of river discharge in the Western South Atlantic continental shelf. Marine Geology415: 105973.
68.
FurtadoVVBonetti FilhoJContiLA (1996) Paleo river morphology and sea level changes at southeastern Brazilian continental shelf. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias68: 163–169.
69.
GaieroDMDepetrisPJProbstJ-L, et al. (2004) The signature of river- and wind-borne materials exported from Patagonia to the southern latitudes: A view from REEs and implications for paleoclimatic interpretations. Earth and Planetary Science Letters219(3–4): 357–376.
70.
GanopolskiAKubatzkiCClaussenM, et al. (1998) The influence of vegetation-atmosphere-ocean interaction on climate during the mid-Holocene. Science280(5371): 1916–1919.
71.
García-GallardoÁGrunertPVan der ScheeM, et al. (2017) Benthic foraminifera-based reconstruction of the first Mediterranean-Atlantic exchange in the early Pliocene Gulf of Cadiz. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology472: 93–107.
72.
GarreaudRDVuilleMCompagnucciR, et al. (2009) Present-day South American climate. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology281: 180–195.
73.
GilliAArizteguiDAnselmettiFS, et al. (2005) Mid-Holocene strengthening of the Southern Westerlies in South America—sedimentological evidences from Lago Cardiel, Argentina (49°S). Global and Planetary Change49(1–2): 75–93.
74.
GoodayAJ (2002) Biological responses to seasonally varying fluxes of organic matter to the ocean floor: A review. Journal of Oceanography58(2): 305–332.
75.
Gonsalez-SilveraASantamaria-del-AngelEMillán-NúñezR (2006). Spatial and temporal variability of the Brazil-Malvinas Confluence and the La Plata Plume as seen by SeaWiFS and AVHRR imagery. Journal of Geophysical Research111(C6).
76.
GoodayAJRathburnAE (1999) Temporal variability in living deep-sea benthic foraminifera: A review. Earth-Science Reviews46(1–4): 187–212.
77.
GuFChiessiCMZonneveldKAF, et al. (2018) Late quaternary environmental dynamics inferred from marine sediment core GeoB6211-2 off southern Brazil. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology496: 48–61.
78.
GuFZonneveldKAFChiessiCM, et al. (2017) Long-term vegetation, climate and ocean dynamics inferred from a 73,500 years old marine sediment core (GeoB2107-3) off southern Brazil. Quaternary Science Reviews172: 55–71.
79.
GyllencreutzRMahiquesMMAlvesDV, et al. (2010) Mid- to late-Holocene paleoceanographic changes on the southeastern Brazilian shelf based on grain size records. The Holocene20(6): 863–875.
80.
HaugGHHughenKASigmanDM, et al. (2001) Southward migration of the intertropical convergence zone through the Holocene. Science293(5533): 1304–1308.
81.
HeatonTJKöhlerPButzinM, et al. (2020) Marine20—the marine radiocarbon age calibration curve (0–55,000 CAL BP). Radiocarbon62(4): 779–820.
82.
Herrera-HerreraAVLeiererLJambrina-EnríquezM, et al. (2020) Evaluating different methods for calculating the Carbon Preference Index (CPI): Implications for palaeoecological and archaeological research. Organic Geochemistry146: 104056.
83.
HespPAGianniniPCFMartinhoCT, et al. (2009) The Holocene barrier systems of the Santa Catarina Coast, Southern Brazil. In: DillenburgSRHespPA (eds) Geology and Geomorphology of Holocene Coastal Barriers of Brazil. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, pp.93–133.
84.
HorikawaKMurayamaMMinagawaM, et al. (2010) Latitudinal and downcore (0–750 ka) changes in Nalkane chain lengths in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific. Quaternary Research73(3): 573–582.
85.
HughenKABaillieMGLBardE, et al. (2004) Marine04 marine radiocarbon age calibration, 0–26 Cal Kyr Bp. Radiocarbon46(3): 1059–1086.
86.
JorissenFJde StigterHCWidmarkJGV (1995) A conceptual model explaining benthic foraminiferal microhabitats. Marine Micropaleontology26: 3–15.
87.
JorissenFJFontanierCThomasE (2007) Chapter seven paleoceanographical proxies based on deep-sea benthic foraminiferal assemblage characteristics. In: Hillaire-MarcelCde VernalA (eds) Proxies in Late Cenozoic Paleoceanography: Pt. 2: Biological Tracers and Biomarkers. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp.263–325.
88.
KaihoK (1994) Benthic foraminiferal dissolved-oxygen index and dissolved-oxygen levels in the modern ocean. Geology22(8): 719.
89.
KouliKGogouABouloubassiI, et al. (2012) Late postglacial paleoenvironmental change in the northeastern Mediterranean region: Combined palynological and molecular biomarker evidence. Quaternary International261: 118–127.
90.
KoutavasADeMenocalPBOliveGC, et al. (2006) Mid-Holocene El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) attenuation revealed by individual foraminifera in eastern tropical Pacific sediments. Geology34: 993–996.
KurbjeweitFSchmiedlGSchiebelR, et al. (2000) Distribution, biomass and diversity of benthic foraminifera in relation to sediment geochemistry in the Arabian Sea. Deep Sea Research Part II Topical Studies in Oceanography47: 2913–2955.
93.
LandimPMB (2011) Análise Estatística De Dados Geológicos Multivariados. Brazil: Oficina de Textos.
94.
LantzschHHanebuthTJJChiessiCM, et al. (2014) The high-supply, current-dominated continental margin of southeastern South America during the late quaternary. Quaternary Research81(2): 339–354.
95.
LapridaCChaporiNGViolanteRA, et al. (2007) Mid-Holocene evolution and paleoenvironments of the shoreface–offshore transition, north-eastern Argentina: New evidence based on benthic microfauna. Marine Geology240(1–4): 43–56.
96.
LedruM-PBragaPISSoubièsF, et al. (1996) The last 50,000 years in the Neotropics (Southern Brazil): Evolution of vegetation and climate. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology123(1–4): 239–257.
97.
LedruM-PSalgado-LabouriauMLLorscheitterML (1998) Vegetation dynamics in Southern and Central Brazil during the last 10,000 yr B.P. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology99(2): 131–142.
98.
LessaGCAnguloRJGianniniPC, et al. (2000) Stratigraphy and Holocene evolution of a regressive barrier in south Brazil. Marine Geology165: 87–108.
99.
LoeblichARJrTappanH (1988) Foraminiferal Genera and Their Classification – PLATES, vol. 2. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, p.970.
100.
LourençoRAde MahiquesMMWainerIEKC, et al. (2016) Organic biomarker records spanning the last 34,800 years from the southeastern Brazilian upper slope: Links between sea surface temperature, displacement of the Brazil current, and marine productivity. Geo-Marine Letters36(5): 361–369.
101.
LourençoRAMartinsCCTaniguchiS, et al. (2017) Distribution and evolution of sterols and aliphatic hydrocarbons in dated marine sediment cores from the Cabo Frio upwelling region, SW Atlantic, Brazil. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International24(24): 19888–19901.
102.
MackensenASchmiedlGHarloffJ, et al. (1995) Deep-sea Foraminifera in the South Atlantic Ocean: Ecology and assemblage generation. Micropaleontology41(4): 342.
103.
MarengoJASoaresWRSauloC, et al. (2004) Climatology of the low-level jet east of the andes as derived from the NCEP–NCAR reanalyses: Characteristics and Temporal Variability. Journal of Climate17(12): 2261–2280.
104.
MakouMCEglintonTIOppoDW, et al. (2010) Postglacial changes in El niño and La Niña behavior. Geology38(1): 43–46.
105.
MartínezSRojasA (2013) Relative sea level during the Holocene in Uruguay. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology374: 123–131.
106.
MartinsFRSantosFAM (1999) Técnicas usuais de estimativa da biodiversidade. Holos Environment1: 236–267.
107.
MartinsVDubertJJouanneauJ-M, et al. (2007) A multiproxy approach of the Holocene evolution of shelf–slope circulation on the NW Iberian continental shelf. Marine Geology239(1–2): 1–18.
108.
MartinsVJouanneauJMWeberO, et al. (2006) Tracing the late Holocene evolution of the NW Iberian upwelling system. Marine Micropaleontology59(1): 35–55.
109.
MathiasGLNagaiRHTrindadeRIF, et al. (2014) Magnetic fingerprint of the late Holocene inception of the Río de la Plata plume onto the southeast Brazilian shelf. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology415: 183–196.
MiriyalaPSukumaranNPNathBN, et al. (2017) Increased chemical weathering during the deglacial to mid-Holocene summer monsoon intensification. Scientific Reports7(1): 44310.
113.
MojtahidMJorissenFLansardB, et al. (2009) Spatial distribution of live benthic foraminifera in the Rhône prodelta: Faunal response to a continental–marine organic matter gradient. Marine Micropaleontology70(3–4): 177–200.
114.
MojtahidMJorissenFJGarciaJ, et al. (2013) High resolution Holocene record in the southeastern Bay of Biscay: Global versus regional climate signals. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology377: 28–44.
115.
MöllerOOPiolaARFreitasAC, et al. (2008) The effects of river discharge and seasonal winds on the shelf off southeastern South America. Continental Shelf Research28(13): 1607–1624.
116.
MourelleDPrietoAR (2012) Modern pollen assemblages of surface samples and their relationships to vegetation in the Campos region of Uruguay. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology181: 22–33.
117.
MourelleDPrietoARGarcía-RodríguezF (2017) Riparian woody vegetation history in the Campos region, southeastern South America, during two time windows: Late Pleistocene and late Holocene. Quaternary Science Reviews167: 14–29.
118.
MourelleDPrietoARPérezL, et al. (2015) Mid and late Holocene multiproxy analysis of environmental changes linked to sea-level fluctuation and climate variability of the Río de la Plata estuary. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology421: 75–88.
119.
MoyCMSeltzerGORodbellDT, et al. (2002) Variability of El Niño/Southern oscillation activity at millennial timescales during the Holocene epoch. Nature420(6912): 162–165.
120.
MudgeSMNorrisCE (1997) Lipid biomarkers in the Conwy estuary (North Wales, U.K.): A comparison between fatty alcohols and sterols. Marine Chemistry57(1–2): 61–84.
121.
MüllerPJKirstGRuhlandG, et al. (1998) Calibration of the alkenone paleotemperature index U37K′ based on core-tops from the eastern South Atlantic and the global ocean (60°N-60°S). Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta62(10): 1757–1772.
122.
MuriGWakehamSGPeaseTK, et al. (2004) Evaluation of lipid biomarkers as indicators of changes in organic matter delivery to sediments from Lake Planina, a remote mountain lake in NW Slovenia. Organic Geochemistry35(10): 1083–1093.
123.
NagaiRHChiessiCMKuhnertH, et al. (2020) South Brazilian Bight mid- to late Holocene hydrographic fluctuations. Geo-Marine Letters40: 1045–1055.
124.
NagaiRHFerreiraPAMulkherjeeS, et al. (2014) Hydrodynamic controls on the distribution of surface sediments from the southeast South American continental shelf between 23°S and 38°S. Continental Shelf Research89: 51–60.
125.
NagaiRHSousaSHBuroneL, et al. (2009) Paleoproductivity changes during the Holocene in the inner shelf of Cabo Frio, Southeastern Brazilian continental margin: Benthic foraminifera and sedimentological proxies. Quaternary International206(1–2): 62–71.
126.
PalmaEDMatanoRP (2009) Disentangling the upwelling mechanisms of the South Brazil Bight. Continental Shelf Research29(11–12): 1525–1534.
127.
PalmaEDMatanoRPPiolaAR (2008) A numerical study of the Southwestern Atlantic shelf circulation: Stratified ocean response to local and offshore forcing. Journal of Geophysical Research113(C11): 010.
128.
PaquetteM-LBonettiCBitencourtV, et al. (2016) Spatial patterns of benthic foraminifera as a support to the oceanographic characterisation of Arvoredo biological marine reserve (South Atlantic, Brazil). Marine Environmental Research114: 40–50.
129.
PerezLCrisciCHanebuthTJJ, et al. (2018) Climatic oscillations modulating the late Holocene fluvial discharge and terrigenous material supply from the Río de la Plata into the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean. Journal of Sedimentary Environments3(4): 205–219.
130.
PiolaARCamposEJDMöllerOO, et al. (2000) Subtropical shelf front off Eastern South America. Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans105(C3): 6565–6578.
131.
PiolaARMatanoRPPalmaED, et al. (2005) The influence of the Plata River discharge on the western South Atlantic shelf. Geophysical Research Letters32(1): L01603.
132.
PiolaARRomeroSIZajaczkovskiU (2008) Space–time variability of the Plata plume inferred from ocean color. Continental Shelf Research28(13): 1556–1567.
133.
PiovanoELArizteguiDCórdobaF, et al. (2009) Hydrological variability in South America below the Tropic of Capricorn (Pampas and Patagonia, Argentina) during the last 13.0 Ka. Developments in Paleoenvironmental Research14: 323–351.
134.
PoynterJEglintonG (1991) The biomarker concept? Strengths and weaknesses. Fresenius Journal of Analytical Chemistry339: 725–731.
135.
PoynterJGFarrimondPRobinsonN, et al. (1989) Aeolian-derived higher plant lipids in the marine sedimentary record: Links with palaeoclimate. In: LeinenMSarntheinM (eds) Paleoclimatology and Paleometeorology: Modern and Past Patterns of Global Atmospheric Transport. Dordrecht: Springer, pp.435–462.
136.
PradoLFWainerIChiessiCM, et al. (2013) A mid-Holocene climate reconstruction for eastern South America. Climate of the Past9(5): 2117–2133.
137.
PrietoARMourelleDPeltierWR, et al. (2017) Relative sea-level changes during the Holocene in the Río de la Plata, Argentina and Uruguay: A review. Quaternary International442: 35–49.
138.
RazikSChiessiCMRomeroOE, et al. (2013) Interaction of the South American monsoon system and the southern westerly wind belt during the last 14kyr. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology374: 28–40.
139.
RazikSGovinAChiessiCM, et al. (2015) Depositional provinces, dispersal, and origin of terrigenous sediments along the SE South American continental margin. Marine Geology363: 261–272.
140.
ReinBLückgeAReinhardtL, et al. (2005) El Niño variability off Peru during the last 20,000 years. Paleoceanography20(4): PA4003.
RodriguesARPivelMAGSchmittP, et al. (2018) Infaunal and epifaunal benthic foraminifera species as proxies of organic matter paleofluxes in the Pelotas Basin, south-western Atlantic Ocean. Marine Micropaleontology144: 38–49.
143.
RodriguesJMBehlingHGieseckeT (2016) Holocene dynamics of vegetation change in southern and southeastern Brazil is consistent with climate forcing. Quaternary Science Reviews146: 54–65.
144.
RodriguesSVMarinhoMMCubas JonckCC, et al. (2014) Phytoplankton community structures in shelf and oceanic waters off southeast Brazil (20°–25°S), as determined by pigment signatures. Deep Sea Research Part I Oceanographic Research Papers88: 47–62.
145.
RommerskirchenFEglintonGDupontL, et al. (2006) Glacial/interglacial changes in Southern Africa: Compound-specific δ13C land plant biomarker and pollen records from southeast Atlantic continental margin sediments. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems7(8).
SchefußERatmeyerVStuutJ-BW, et al. (2003) Carbon isotope analyses of n-alkanes in dust from the lower atmosphere over the central eastern Atlantic. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta67(10): 1757–1767.
148.
SchmiedlGMackensenAMüllerPJ (1997) Recent benthic foraminifera from the eastern South Atlantic Ocean: Dependence on food supply and water masses. Marine Micropaleontology32(3–4): 249–287.
149.
SchulteSMangelsdorfKRullkötterJ (2000) Organic matter preservation on the Pakistan continental margin as revealed by biomarker geochemistry. Organic Geochemistry31(10): 1005–1022.
150.
Sen GuptaBKEugene TurnerRRabalaisNN (1996) Seasonal oxygen depletion in continental-shelf waters of Louisiana: Historical record of benthic foraminifers. Geology24(3): 227.
151.
ShimizuMHSampaioGVenancioIM, et al. (2020) Seasonal changes of the South American monsoon system during the mid-Holocene in the CMIP5 simulations. Climate Dynamics54: 2697–2712.
SteinR (1990) Organic carbon content/sedimentation rate relationship and its paleoenvironmental significance for marine sediments. Geo-Marine Letters10: 37–44.
154.
StrikisNMCruzFWChengH, et al. (2011) Abrupt variations in South American monsoon rainfall during the Holocene based on a speleothem record from central-eastern Brazil. Geology39(11): 1075–1078.
155.
StuiverMReimerPJReimerRW (2020) CALIB 7.1. Available at: http://calib.org (accessed 12 March 2020).
156.
VeraCHigginsWAmadorJ, et al. (2006a) Toward a unified view of the American monsoon systems. Journal of Climate19(20): 4977–5000.
157.
VeraCSilvestriGLiebmannB, et al. (2006b) Climate change scenarios for seasonal precipitation in South America from IPCC-AR4 models. Geophysical Research Letters33(13): L13707.
158.
VeraCSVigliaroloPKBerberyEH (2002) Cold season synoptic-scale waves over subtropical South America. Monthly Weather Review130(3): 684–699.
159.
VogtsAMoossenHRommerskirchenF, et al. (2009) Distribution patterns and stable carbon isotopic composition of alkanes and alkan-1-ols from plant waxes of African rain forest and savanna C3 species. Organic Geochemistry40(10): 1037–1054.
160.
VuilleMBurnsSJTaylorBL, et al. (2012) A review of the South American monsoon history as recorded in stable isotopic proxies over the past two millennia. Climate of the Past8(4): 1309–1321.
161.
WannerHBeerJBütikoferJ, et al. (2008) Mid- to late Holocene climate change: An overview. Quaternary Science Reviews27(19–20): 1791–1828.
WoodroffeCDBeechMRGaganMK (2003) Mid-late Holocene El Niño variability in the equatorial Pacific from coral microatolls. Geophysical Research Letters30(7): 1358.
164.
ZarriessMMackensenA (2010) The tropical rainbelt and productivity changes off Northwest Africa: A 31,000-year high-resolution record. Marine Micropaleontology76(3–4): 76–91.
165.
ZechMBuggleBLeiberK, et al. (2010) Reconstructing quaternary vegetation history in the Carpathian Basin, SE-Europe, using n-alkane biomarkers as molecular fossils: Problems and possible solutions, potential and limitations. E&G Quaternary Science Journal58: 148–155.
166.
ZembrusckiSG (1979) Geomorfologia da margem continental sul brasileira e das bacias oceânicas adjacentes. In: ChavesHAF (ed.) Geomorfologia da margem Continental Brasileira E Áreas Oceânicas Adjacentes (Relatório Final). Rio de Janeiro: PETROBRAS–DNPM-CPRM-DHN-CNPq, pp.129–177.
167.
ZhangZZhaoMEglintonG, et al. (2006) Leaf wax lipids as paleovegetational and paleoenvironmental proxies for the Chinese Loess Plateau over the last 170kyr. Quaternary Science Reviews25(5–6): 575–594.
168.
ZhouJLauKM (1998) Does a monsoon climate exist over South America?Journal of Climate11(5): 1020–1040.
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
