Peatlands are important records of past environmental changes. Based on a multiproxy analysis, the main factors influencing the evolution of a peatland can be divided into autogenic and allogenic. Among the important allogenic factors, apart from climate change, are deforestation and drainage, which are directly associated with human impact. Numerous consequences arise from these processes, the most important of which are physical and chemical denudation in the catchment and the related hydrological disturbances in the catchment and peatland. The present study determined how human activities and the past climatic variability mutually influenced the development of a small peatland ecosystem. The main goals of the study were: (1) to trace the local changes of the peatland history over the past 600 years, (2) to investigate their relationship with changes in regional hydroclimate patterns, and (3) to estimate the sensitivity of a small peatland to natural and human impact. Our reconstructions were based on a multiproxy analysis, including the analysis of pollen, macrofossils, Chironomidae, Cladocera, and testate amoebae. Our results showed that, depending on the changes in water level, the history of peatland can be divided into three phases as follows: 1/the phase of stable natural conditions, 2/phase of weak changes, and 3/phase of significant changes in the catchment. Additionally, to better understand the importance of the size of catchment and the size of the depositional basin in the evolution of the studied peatland ecosystem, we compared data from two peatlands – large and small – located close to each other. The results of our study indicated that “size matters,” and that larger peatlands are much more resilient and resistant to rapid changes occurring in the direct catchment due to human activities, whereas small peatlands are more sensitive and perfect as archives of environmental changes.
AffekAZachwatowiczMSosnowskaA, et al. (2017) Impacts of modern mechanised skidding on the natural and cultural heritage of the Polish Carpathian Mountains. Forest Ecology and Management405: 391–403.
AmesburyMJSwindlesGTBobrovA, et al. (2016) Development of a new pan-European testate amoeba transfer function for reconstructing peatland palaeohydrology. Quaternary Science Reviews152: 132–151.
5.
AndersenTSætherOCranstonP, et al. (2013) The larvae of Orthocladiinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) of the Holarctic region-Keys and diagnoses. In: The Larvae of Chironomidae (Diptera) of the Holarctic Region-Keys and Diagnoses. Insect Systematics and Evolution Supplement. Lund: Entomological Society of Lund, pp.189–386.
6.
AnnenkovN (1876) Botanicheskiy slovar’ [Botanical dictionary]. St. Petersburg: Imperial Academy of Sciences.
7.
BartczakASłowińskaSTyszkowskiS, et al. (2019) Ecohydrological changes and resilience of a shallow lake ecosystem under intense human pressure and recent climate change. Water11: 32.
8.
BattarbeeRWMorleyDBennionH, et al. (2011) A palaeolimnological meta-database for assessing the ecological status of lakes. Journal of Paleolimnology45: 405–414.
9.
BatzerDBoixD (2016) An introduction to freshwater wetlands and their invertebrates. In: Invertebrates in Freshwater Wetlands. New York, NY: Springer, pp.1–23.
10.
BehrensmeyerAK (1982) Quaternary palaeoecology. By H.J.B. Birks and Hilary H. Birks. Baltimore: University Park Press. 1980. 289 pp.American Journal of Physical Anthropology58: 119–120.
11.
BellMBoardmanJ (1992) Past and present soil erosion. Oxbow Monogr22: 250.
12.
BennettKD (1996) Determination of the number of zones in a biostratigraphical sequence. New Phytologist132: 155–170.
13.
BerglundBE (1996) Palaeoecological Events during the Last 15,000 Years: Regional Syntheses of Palaeoecological Studies of Lakes and Mires Europe. New York, NY: Wiley.
14.
BeugHJ (1961) Leitfaden der Pollenbestimmung für Mitteleuropa und angrenzende Gebiete. Stuttgart: Fischer-Verlag.
15.
BjerringRBecaresEDeclerckS, et al. (2009) Subfossil Cladocera in relation to contemporary environmental variables in 54 Pan-European lakes. Freshwater Biology54: 2401–2417.
16.
BohnUGollubGHettwerC (2000) Karte der natürlichen Vegetation Europas: Legende: Map of the Natural Vegetation of Europe: Legend. Bonn: Bundesamt für Naturschutz/Federal Agency for Nature Conservation.
17.
BothCTurnhoutCAMVBijlsmaRG, et al. (2010) Avian population consequences of climate change are most severe for long-distance migrants in seasonal habitats. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences277: 1259–1266.
18.
BrewsterD (1832) The Edinburgh Encyclopædia Conducted by David Brewster, with the Assistance of Gentlemen Eminent in Science and Literature. Philadelphia, PA: J. and E. Parker.
19.
BrooksSJBirksH (2001) Chironomid-inferred air temperatures from Lateglacial and Holocene sites in north-west Europe: Progress and problems. Quaternary Science Reviews20: 1723–1741.
20.
BrooksSJHeiriOLangdonPG (2007) The Identification and Use of Palaearctic Chironomidae Larvae in Palaeoecology, London: Quaternary Research Association.
21.
CampbellDIGlover-ClarkGLGoodrichJP, et al. (2021) Large differences in CO2 emissions from two dairy farms on a drained peatland driven by contrasting respiration rates during seasonal dry conditions. Science of the Total Environment760: 143410.
22.
ClarkeKJ (2003) Guide to the Identification of Soil Protozoa: Testate Amoebae. Ambleside: Freshwater Biological Association (FBA).
23.
CowieJ (2012) Climate Change: Biological and Human Aspects. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
24.
CwynarLC (1982) Quaternary Palaeoecology. H. J. B. Birks and Hilary H. Birks (1980). Edward Arnold, London. U.K. 289 pp. Quaternary Research17: 419–420.
25.
DekkerTGreveGDTer LaakT, et al. (2006) Development and application of a sediment toxicity test using the benthic cladoceran Chydorus sphaericus. Environmental Pollution140: 231–238.
26.
De VleeschouwerFPiotrowskaNSikorskiJ, et al. (2009) Multiproxy evidence of ‘Little Ice Age’ palaeoenvironmental changes in a peat bog from northern Poland. The Holocene19: 625–637.
27.
DietzeEBrykałaDSchreuderLT, et al. (2019) Human-induced fire regime shifts during 19th century industrialization: A robust fire regime reconstruction using northern Polish lake sediments. PLoS One14: e0222011.
28.
DiseNB (2009) Peatland response to global change. Science326: 810–811.
29.
DudováLHájkováPOpravilováV, et al. (2014) Holocene history and environmental reconstruction of a Hercynian mire and surrounding mountain landscape based on multiple proxies. Quaternary Research82: 107–120.
30.
EdwardsKJ (1990) Book reviews: Fægri, K. and Iversen, J. 1989: Textbook of pollen analysis, fourth edition. This edition by K. Fægri, P.E. Kaland and K. Krzywinski. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. Additional copies of Chapter 12, ‘Which plant? Identification keys for the northwest European pollen flora’. Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment14: 423–425.
31.
EremeevII (2015) Drevnosti Polotskoy zemli v istoricheskom izuchenii Vostochno-Baltiyskogo regiona (ocherki srednevekovoy arkheologii i istorii Pskovsko-Belorusskogo Podvin’ya) [Antiquities of Polotsk Land in Historic Research of Eastern Baltic Region (Essays on Medieval Archaeology and History of Dvina Basin in Pskov and Byelorussian Region)]. St. Petersburg: Dmitriy Bulanin.
32.
EremeevIIDzyubaOF (2010) Ocherki istoricheskoy geografii lesnoy chasti puti iz varyag v greki [Essays of Historical Geography of Forest Part of the Route from the Varangians to the Greeks]. St. Petersburg: Nestor-Istoriya.
33.
Fiałkiewicz-KoziełBSmieja-KrólBFrontasyevaM, et al. (2016) Anthropogenic- and natural sources of dust in peatland during the Anthropocene. Scientific Reports6: 38731.
34.
FraserCRouletNMooreT (2001) Hydrology and dissolved organic carbon biogeochemistry in an ombrotrophic bog. Hydrological Processes15: 3151–3166.
35.
FreyD (1986) Cladocera analysis. In: BerglundBE (ed.) Handbook of Holocene Palaeoecology and Palaeohydrology. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.
36.
GałkaMAuninaLTobolskiK, et al. (2016) Development of Rich Fen on the SE Baltic Coast, Latvia, during the last 7500 years, using paleoecological proxies: Implications for plant community development and paleoclimatic research. Wetlands36: 689–703.
37.
GauthierEJasseyVEMitchellEA, et al. (2019) From climatic to anthropogenic drivers: A multi-proxy reconstruction of vegetation and peatland development in the French Jura Mountains. Quaternary2: 38.
38.
GeorgeJRowlandA (2016) A comparative investigation of the plankton communities of three Lundy ponds. Journal of the Lundy Field Society5: 55–74.
39.
GorobeyAN (1974) Transformation of zooplankton of Ivankovskoye reservoir in its circulation through the cooling system of Konakovskaya TPP. Influence of thermal power plants on the hydrology and biology of lakes. In: Proceedings of the second symposium, Borok, 26–28 August, pp.31–34 (in Russian).
40.
GrahamEBAverillCBond-LambertyB, et al. (2021) Toward a generalizable framework of disturbance ecology through crowdsourced science. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution9: 76.
41.
GrimmE (1991) Tilia and Tiliagraph. Springfield, IL: Illinois State Museum.
42.
GrimmEC (1987) CONISS: A FORTRAN 77 program for stratigraphically constrained cluster analysis by the method of incremental sum of squares. Computers & Geosciences13: 13–35.
43.
GrospietschT (1967) Die Rhizopodenanalyse der Moore und Ihre Anwendungsmöglichkeit. In: TüxenR (ed.) Pflanzensoziologie und Palynologie. Dordrecht: Springer, pp.181–192.
44.
HairstonNGKearnsCM (2002) Temporal dispersal: Ecological and evolutionary aspects of zooplankton egg banks and the role of sediment mixing. Integrative and Comparative Biology42: 481–491.
45.
HamerlikLVeselskaMNovikmecM, et al. (2019) Lasiodiamesa (Podonominae, Chironomidae), first record of the genus from Slovakia. CHIRONOMUS Journal of Chironomidae Research32: 79–82.
46.
HarendaKMLamentowiczMSamsonM, et al. (2018) The role of peatlands and their carbon storage function in the context of climate change. In: ZielinskiTSaganISuroszW (eds) Interdisciplinary Approaches for Sustainable Development Goals. GeoPlanet: Earth and Planetary Sciences. Springer, Cham, pp.169–187.
47.
HeiriOBrooksSJBirksHJB, et al. (2011) A 274-lake calibration data-set and inference model for chironomid-based summer air temperature reconstruction in Europe. Quaternary Science Reviews30: 3445–3456.
HoldenJ (2005) Peatland hydrology and carbon release: Why small-scale process matters. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences363: 2891–2913.
50.
IerominaOPeijnenburgWDe SnooG, et al. (2014) Population responses of Daphnia magna, Chydorus sphaericus and Asellus aquaticus in pesticide contaminated ditches around bulb fields. Environmental pollution192: 196–203.
51.
IlyashukEAIlyashukBPHammarlundD, et al. (2005) Holocene climatic and environmental changes inferred from midge records (Diptera: Chironomidae, Chaoboridae, Ceratopogonidae) at Lake Berkut, southern Kola Peninsula, Russia. The Holocene15: 897–914.
52.
KachulinaLA (2010a) Velizh – moy gorod rodnoy. Ocherki po istorii goroda Velizha i Velizhskogo rayona. Sankt Petersburg: Skifiya-Print.
53.
KachulinaLA (2010b) Vitebskaya guberniya: istoriko-geograficheskiy i statisticheskiy obzor. Vyp. 1. Istoriya. Priroda. Naseleniye. Prosveshcheniye / sost. po programme i pod red. V. M. Dolgorukova. - 1. Vitebsk : Gub. tip., 1890. - [2], 387 s., [18] l. il.: tabl.; 2. Voyenno-statisticheskoye obozreniye Rossiyskoy imperii: izdavayemoye po vysochayshemu poveleniyu pri 1-m otdelenii Departamenta General’nogo shtaba [trudami ofitserov General’nogo shtaba]. - SPb.: Tip. Dep. Gen. Shtaba, 1848-1858. - Zagl. T. 16, ch. 5: Statisticheskiye opisaniya guberniy i oblastey Rossiyskoy imperii, po vysochayshemu poveleniyu izdavayemyye Departamentom General’nogo shtaba Voyennogo ministerstva. // T. 8: Belorusskiye gubernii: CH. 1-3. - 1848-1852. CH. 1: Vitebskaya guberniya. - 1852. 7. Spiski naselennykh mest Vitebskoy gub. po uyezdam, stanam, prikhodam so svedeniyami ob ikh raspolozhenii i narodonaselenii. Chast’ I [Delo]: 1866 g. - 1866. - 646 l. 9. Spisok naselennykh mest Vitebskoy gubernii izdaniye Vitebskogo gubernskogo statisticheskogo komiteta i Gubernskoy Tipo-litografii; pod redaktsiyey chlena-sekretarya Gubernskogo statisticheskogo komiteta A. P. Sapunova. 1906).
KittelPMazurkevichADolbunovaE, et al. (2018) Palaeoenvironmental reconstructions for the Neolithic pile-dwelling Serteya II site case study, Western Russia. Acta Geographica Lodziensia107: 191–213.
56.
KittelPMazurkevichAWieckowska-LüthM, et al. (2021) On the border between land and water: The environmental conditions of the Neolithic occupation from 4.3 until 1.6 ka BC at Serteya, Western Russia. Geoarchaeology36: 173–202.
57.
KobyshevoyNV, Akent’yeva Ye.M, Bogdanov EG (2001) “The climate of Russia [Klimat Rossii]. In: KobyshevoyNV (ed.) Gidrometeoizdat, ISBN 5- 286-01409-7. p. 655.
58.
KondrackiJ (1992) Fizycznogeograficzna regionalizacja republik Litewskiej i Białoruskiej w układzie dziesiętnym. Przegląd Geograficzny. Instytut Geografii i Przestrzennego Zagospodarowania Polskiej Akademii Nauk64: 344.
59.
KulkovaMMazurkevichADolbunovaE, et al. (2015) Late Neolithic subsistence strategy and reservoir effects in 14C dating of artifacts at the pile-dwelling site Serteya II (NW Russia). Radiocarbon57: 611–623.
60.
KulkovaMMazurkevichADolukhanovP (2001) Chronology and paleoclimate of prehistoric sites in Western Dvina-Lovat area of North-western Russia. Geochronometria: Journal on Methods & Applications of Absolute Chronology20: 87–94.
61.
LalibertéELegendrePShipleyB, et al. (2014) FD: Measuring functional diversity from multiple traits, and other tools for functional ecology. R Package Version 1.0-12.
62.
LamentowiczMBalwierzZForysiakJ, et al. (2009) Multiproxy study of anthropogenic and climatic changes in the last two millennia from a small mire in central Poland. In: BuczkóKKorponaiJPadisákJ, et al. (eds) Palaeolimnological Proxies as Tools of Environmental Reconstruction in Fresh Water. Dordrecht: Springer, pp.213–230.
63.
LamentowiczMBragazzaLButtlerA, et al. (2013) Seasonal patterns of testate amoeba diversity, community structure and species–environment relationships in four Sphagnum-dominated peatlands along a 1300 m altitudinal gradient in Switzerland. Soil Biology and Biochemistry67: 1–11.
64.
LamentowiczMGałkaMObremskaM, et al. (2015) Reconstructing climate change and ombrotrophic bog development during the last 4000 years in northern Poland using biotic proxies, stable isotopes and trait-based approach. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology418: 261–277.
65.
LamentowiczMKołaczekPMauquoyD, et al. (2019) Always on the tipping point – A search for signals of past societies and related peatland ecosystem critical transitions during the last 6500 years in N Poland. Quaternary Science Reviews225: 105954.
66.
LamentowiczMObremskaMMitchellE (2008) Autogenic succession, land-use change, and climatic influences on the Holocene development of a kettle-hole mire in Northern Poland. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology151: 21–40.
67.
LamentowiczMTobolskiKMitchellEAD (2007) Palaeoecological evidence for anthropogenic acidification of a kettle-hole peatland in northern Poland. The Holocene17: 1185–1196.
68.
LimpensJBerendseFBlodauC, et al. (2008) Peatlands and the carbon cycle: From local processes to global implications-a synthesis. Biogeosciences5(5): 1475–1491
69.
ŁucówDLamentowiczMObremskaM, et al. (2020) Disturbance and resilience of a Sphagnum peatland in western Russia (Western Dvina Lakeland) during the last 300 years: A multiproxy, high-resolution study. The Holocene30: 1552–1566.
70.
LuterbacherJWernerJPSmerdonJE, et al. (2016) European summer temperatures since Roman times. Environmental Research Letters11: 024001.
71.
LynchM (1983) Ecological genetics of Daphnia pulex. Evolution37: 358–374.
MaltbyE (2002) Peatlands and environmental change, D. Charman. Wiley, Chichester, 2002. ISBN 0 470 96990 7 (hardback); 0 470 84410 8 (paperback), pp. Land Degradation & Development13: 527–528.
74.
MannME (2002) Little ice age. Encyclopedia of Global Environmental Change1: 504–509.
75.
MarciszKColombaroliDJasseyVEJ, et al. (2016) A novel testate amoebae trait-based approach to infer environmental disturbance in Sphagnum peatlands. Scientific Reports6: 33907.
76.
MarciszKFournierBGilbertD, et al. (2014) Response of Sphagnum peatland testate amoebae to a 1-year transplantation experiment along an artificial hydrological gradient. Microbial Ecology67: 810–818.
77.
MarciszKJasseyVEJKosakyanA, et al. (2020a) Testate amoeba functional traits and their use in paleoecology. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution8: 340.
78.
MarciszKKołaczekPGałkaM, et al. (2020b) Exceptional hydrological stability of a Sphagnum-dominated peatland over the late-Holocene. Quaternary Science Reviews231: 106180.
79.
MarciszKTinnerWColombaroliD, et al. (2015) Long-term hydrological dynamics and fire history over the last 2000 years in CE Europe reconstructed from a high-resolution peat archive. Quaternary Science Reviews112: 138–152.
80.
MaryushkinaVY (1986) Ambroziya polynnolistnaya i osnovy biologicheskoy bor’by s ney: monografiya/V.YA. Mar’yushkina. Kiyev, Ukraine: Naukova dumka, p.118.
81.
MauquoyDVan GeelB (2007) Plant macrofossil methods and studies. Mire and peat macros. In: EliasSA (ed.) Encyclopedia of Quaternary Science. Oxford: Elsevier, pp.2315–2336.
MazurkevichANDolbunovaEKittelP, et al. (2017) Multi-disciplinary research on the Neolithic pile-dwelling Serteya II site (Western Russia) and the landscape reconstruction. Łódź: Instytut Archeologii Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego, Łódzka Fundacja Badań Naukowych, Stowarzyszenie Naukowe Archeologów Polskich Oddział w Łodzi, pp.103–128.
84.
MazurkevichANDolbunovaEKul’kovaM, et al. (2012) Dynamics of landscape developing in early-middle Neolithics in Dnepr-Dvina region. In: International conference “Geomorphic Processes and Geoarchaeology: from Landscape Archaeology to Archaeotourism”, Moscow-Smolensk, Russia, 20–24 August.
85.
MazurkevichANDolukhanovPShukurovA, et al. (2009) Mesolithic and Neolithic in the Western Dvina–Lovat area. In: The East European Plain on the Eve of Agriculture, BAR International Series, vol. 164. Oxford: Archaeopress, pp.145–153.
86.
MazurkevichANKittelPMaigrotY, et al. (2020) Natural and anthropogenic impact on the formation of archaeological layers in a lake shore area: Case study from the Serteya II site, Western Russia. Acta Geographica Lodziensia110: 81–102.
87.
MeisterfeldR (2002) Testate amoebae with filopodia. In: The Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa, vol. 2. Lawrence, KS: Allen Press, pp.1054–1084.
88.
MercuriAMAccorsiCABandini MazzantiM (2002) The long history of Cannabis and its cultivation by the Romans in central Italy, shown by pollen records from Lago Albano and Lago di Nemi. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany11: 263–276.
89.
Moller PillotHK (2009) Chironomidae Larvae of the Netherlands and Adjacent Lowlands: Biology and Ecology of the Chironomini. Zeist: KNNV Publishing.
90.
Moller PillotH (2013) Chironomidae Larvae of the Netherlands and Adjacent Lowlands, Biology and Ecology of the Aquatic Orthocladiinae. Zeist: KNNV Publishing.
NachtergaeleFPetriMBiancalaniR, et al. (2010) Global land degradation information system (GLADIS). Beta version. An information database for land degradation assessment at global level. Land degradation assessment in drylands technical report no. 17, FAO, Rome, Italy.
93.
NosovaMBNovenkoEYSeverovaEE, et al. (2019) Vegetation and climate changes within and around the Polistovo-Lovatskaya mire system (Pskov Oblast, north-western Russia) during the past 10,500 years. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany28: 123–140.
94.
NosovaMBSeverovaEVolkovaO (2017) A 6500-year pollen record from the Polistovo-Lovatskaya Mire System (northwest European Russia). Vegetation dynamics and signs of human impact. Grana56: 410–423.
95.
NovenkoEYEremeevaAPChepurnayaAA (2014) Reconstruction of Holocene vegetation, tree cover dynamics and human disturbances in central European Russia, using pollen and satellite data sets. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany23: 109–119.
96.
NovenkoEYTsyganovANPayneRJ, et al. (2017) Vegetation dynamics and fire history at the southern boundary of the forest vegetation zone in European Russia during the middle and late-Holocene. The Holocene28: 308–322.
97.
NovenkoEYTsyganovANVolkovaEM, et al. (2015) The Holocene paleoenvironmental history of central European Russia reconstructed from pollen, plant macrofossil, and testate amoeba analyses of the Klukva Peatland, Tula Region. Quaternary Research83: 459–468.
98.
NowaczykB (1994) Wiek jezior i problemy zaniku brył pogrzebanego lodu na przykładzie sandru Brdy w okolicy Charzykowy. Acta Universitatis Nicolai Copernici, Geografia27: 97–110.
99.
OgdenGGHedleyRH (1980) An atlas of freshwater testate amoebae. Soil Science130: 176.
100.
PawłowskiDGruszkaBGallasH, et al. (2013) Changes in the biota and sediments of glacial Lake Koźmin, Poland, during the late Saalian (Illinoian). Journal of Paleolimnology49: 679–696.
101.
PayneRJMitchellEAD (2009) How many is enough? Determining optimal count totals for ecological and palaeoecological studies of testate amoebae. Journal of Paleolimnology42: 483–495.
102.
PiechWKittelPMazurkevichA, et al. (2018) Cechy sedymentologiczne i warunki depozycji osadów stożka akumulacyjnego w dolinie rzeki Sertejki (zachodnia Rosja). Acta Geographica Lodziensia107: 215–238.
103.
PinderLCV (1983) The larvae of Chironominae (Diptera: Chironomidae) of the Holarctic region-keys and diagnoses. Chironomidae of the Holarctic Region. Keys and Diagnoses, 1. Larvae, Entomologica Scandinavica Supplement19: 149–294.
104.
PłóciennikMKrukAForysiakJ, et al. (2015) Fen ecosystem responses to water-level fluctuations during the early and middle Holocene in central Europe: A case study from Wilczków, Poland. Boreas44: 721–740.
105.
PłóciennikMPawłowskiDVilizziL, et al. (2020) From oxbow to mire: Chironomidae and Cladocera as habitat palaeoindicators. Hydrobiologia847: 3257–3275.
106.
PłóciennikMSelfABirksHJB, et al. (2011) Chironomidae (Insecta: Diptera) succession in Żabieniec bog and its palaeo-lake (central Poland) through the Late Weichselian and Holocene. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology307: 150–167.
107.
ReilleM (1992) New pollen-analytical researches in Corsica: The problem of Quercus ilex L. and Erica arborea L., the origin of Pinus halepensis Miller forests. New Phytologist122: 359–378.
108.
RivierI (1992) Ecology of Cladocera in winter water bodies. In: Current Problems in the Study of Cladocera. St. Petersburg: Gidrometeoizdat, pp.65–80.
109.
RivierI (2005) Composition and some ecological features of winter zooplankton in deep stratified lakes. Russian Journal of Ecology36: 179–192.
110.
R Core Team (2018) R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Available at: https://www.R-project.org
111.
RosenbergDMWiensAPBilyjB (1988) Chironomidae (Diptera) of peatlands in northwestern Ontario, Canada. Ecography11: 19–31.
112.
RosenbergDMWiensAPBilyjB, et al. (2001) Peatland chironomidae (Diptera): Effects of flooding on emergence from Lake 979, Experimental Lakes Area, Ontario. Journal of the North American Benthological Society20: 448–467.
113.
SamsonMSłowińskaSSłowińskiM, et al. (2018) The impact of experimental temperature and water level manipulation on carbon dioxide release in a poor Fen in Northern Poland. Wetlands38: 551–563.
114.
ShelomanovaNB (1967) K voposu ob izuchenii istochnikov po istorii vneshney politiki Rossii v kontse XVIv. // Novoye o proshlom nashey strany: pamyati akademika M. N. Tikhomirova: sbornik statey/Akademiya nauk SSSR, Otdeleniye istorii, Arkheograficheskaya komissiya; [redaktsionnaya kollegiya: V. A. Aleksandrov i dr.]. Moskva: Nauka, Glavnaya redaktsiya vostochnoy literatury.
115.
SiegelDReeveAGlaserPH, et al. (1995) Climate-driven flushing of pore water in peatlands. Nature374: 531–533.
116.
SłowińskaSSłowińskiMLamentowiczM (2010) Relationships between local climate and hydrology in a small Sphagnum mire in northern Poland: Implications for ecosystem management and palaeohydrological studies. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies19: 779–787.
117.
SłowińskiMBłaszkiewiczMBrauerA, et al. (2015) The role of melting dead ice on landscape transformation in the early Holocene in Tuchola Pinewoods, North Poland. Quaternary International388: 64–75.
118.
SłowińskiMLamentowiczMŁucówD, et al. (2019) Paleoecological and historical data as an important tool in ecosystem management. Journal of Environmental Management236: 755–768.
119.
SłowińskiMMarciszKPłóciennikM, et al. (2016) Drought as a stress driver of ecological changes in peatland – A palaeoecological study of peatland development between 3500BCE and 200BCE in central Poland. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology461: 272–291.
120.
ŚlusarczykM (1999) Predator-induced diapause in Daphnia magna may require two chemical cues. Oecologia119: 159–165.
121.
StivrinsNKalninaLVeskiS, et al. (2014) Local and regional Holocene vegetation dynamics at two sites in eastern Latvia. Boreal Environment Research19: 310–322.
122.
StrossRGHillJC (1965) Diapause induction in Daphnia requires two stimuli. Science150: 1462–1464.
123.
SwindlesGTMorrisPJMullanDJ, et al. (2019) Widespread drying of European peatlands in recent centuries. Nature Geoscience12: 922–928.
124.
SzeroczyńskaKSarmaja-KorjonenK (2007) Atlas of Subfossil Cladocera from Central and Northern Europe. Świecie, Poland: Friends of the Lower Vistula Society.
125.
TannebergerFSchröderCHohlbeinM, et al. (2020) Climate change mitigation through land use on rewetted peatlands–cross-sectoral spatial planning for paludiculture in northeast Germany. Wetlands40: 2309–2320.
126.
TarasovPESavelievaLALongT, et al. (2019) Postglacial vegetation and climate history and traces of early human impact and agriculture in the present-day cool mixed forest zone of European Russia. Quaternary International516: 21–41.
127.
TobolskiK (2000) Przewodnik do oznaczania torfów i osadów jeziornych. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
128.
TobolskiK (2007) Problematyka torfowisk na obszarach lesnych. Studia i Materiały Centrum Edukacji Przyrodniczo-Leśnej 9: 541–549.
129.
TobolskiK (2012) Ochrona europejskich torfowisk. In: ŁachaczABieniekA (eds) Wybrane problemy ochrony mokradeł. Olsztyn: Uniwersytet Warmińsko-Mazurski. Katedra Melioracji i Kształtowania Środowiska, pp. 17–56.
130.
TolsmaAD (2015) The biology of peatlands, 2nd edition by H. Rydin and J. K. Jeglum. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2013. Austral Ecology40: e18–e19.
131.
TrenberthKE (2005) The impact of climate change and variability on heavy precipitation, floods, and droughts. In: AndersonMGMcDonnellJJ (eds) Encyclopedia of Hydrological Sciences. p. 17.
132.
TsyganovANKupriyanovDABabeshkoKV, et al. (2019) Autogenic and allogenic factors affecting development of a floating Sphagnum-dominated peat mat in a karst pond basin. The Holocene29: 120–129.
133.
van GeelB (1978) A palaeoecological study of Holocene peat bog sections in Germany and the Netherlands, based on the analysis of pollen, spores and macro-and microscopic remains of fungi, algae, cormophytes and animals. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology25: 1–120.
134.
van GeelBAptrootA (2006) Fossil ascomycetes in quaternary deposits. Nova Hedwigia82: 313–330.
135.
VelichkoAACattoNDrenovaAN, et al. (2002) Climate changes in East Europe and Siberia at the Late glacial–Holocene transition. Quaternary International91: 75–99.
136.
VerbitskyVVerbitskayaT (2011) Effects of constant and stepwise changes in temperature on the species abundance dynamics of four cladocera species. Knowledge and Management of Aquatic Ecosystems402: 3.
137.
VerschurenDCharmanDJ (2008) Latitudinal linkages in late-Holocene moisture-balance variation. In: Natural Climate Variability and Global Warming: A Holocene Perspective. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, pp.189–231.
138.
VijverbergJ (1989) Culture techniques for studies on the growth, development and reproduction of copepods and cladocerans under laboratory and in situ conditions: A review. Freshwater Biology21: 317–373.
139.
VittDH (2006) Functional characteristics and indicators of boreal peatlands. In: Boreal Peatland Ecosystems. Berlin: Springer, pp.9–24.
140.
WaddingtonJMMorrisPJKettridgeN, et al. (2015) Hydrological feedbacks in northern peatlands. Ecohydrology8: 113–127.
141.
WolinskaJLivelyCM (2008) The cost of males in Daphnia pulex. Oikos117: 1637–1646.
142.
YaninVLZaliznyakAAGippiusAA (2015) Novgorodskiye gramoty na bereste (iz raskopok 2001-2014 gg.): sbornik nauchnykh trudov. Moskva: YAzyki slavyanskoy kul’tury (YASK).
143.
YansaCHFultonAESchaetzlRJ, et al. (2020) Interpreting basal sediments and plant fossils in kettle lakes: Insights from Silver Lake, Michigan, USA. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences57: 292–305.
144.
YuristaPO’brienW (2001) Growth, survivorship and reproduction of Daphnia middendorffiana in several Arctic lakes and ponds. Journal of Plankton Research23: 733–744.
145.
ZawiszaEZawiskaICorrea-MetrioA. (2016) Cladocera community composition as a function of physicochemical and morphological parameters of dystrophic lakes in NE Poland. Wetlands36: 1131–1142.
146.
ZawiszaEZawiskaISzeroczyńskaK, et al. (2019) Dystrophication of lake Suchar IV (NE Poland): An alternative way of lake development. Limnetica38: 391–416.
