From its inception as a scientific discipline, tree-ring research has been used as a trans-disciplinary tool for dating and environmental reconstruction. Tree-ring chronologies in some regions extend back many thousands of years, opening up new potential for the study of climate, people, and ecology at annual and sub-annual resolution. As such, they are a frequently used resource for a diverse range of studies spanning the Holocene. They are also the focus of a constantly evolving array of analytical techniques and multidisciplinary approaches to research questions. This literature review discusses case studies at the cutting-edge of interdisciplinary tree-ring research, notes recent breakthroughs and limitations, and identifies key frontiers for the future of tree-ring research.
AakalaTKuuluvainenTWalleniusT, et al. (2011) Tree mortality episodes in the intact Picea abies-dominated taiga in the Arkhangelsk region of northern European Russia. Journal of Vegetation Science22(2): 322–333.
2.
AcevedoWFallahBReichS, et al. (2017) Assimilation of pseudo-tree-ring-width observations into an atmospheric general circulation model. Climate of the Past13(5): 545–557.
3.
AdamsHDZeppelMJAndereggWR, et al. (2017) A multi-species synthesis of physiological mechanisms in drought-induced tree mortality. Nature Ecology & Evolution1(9): 1285–1291.
4.
AlexanderMRPearlJKBishopDA, et al. (2019) The potential to strengthen temperature reconstructions in ecoregions with limited tree line using a multispecies approach. Quaternary Research92: 583–597.
5.
AllaAQCamareroJJ (2012) Contrasting responses of radial growth and wood anatomy to climate in a Mediterranean ring-porous oak: Implications for its future persistence or why the variance matters more than the mean. European Journal of Forest Research131(5): 1537–1550.
6.
AmorosoMMDanielsLDBakerPJ (2017) Dendroecology: Lessons learned and future frontiers. In: AmorosoMMDanielsLDBakerPJ, et al. (eds) Dendroecology. Cham: Springer, pp. 395–400.
7.
AnchukaitisKJ (2017) Tree rings reveal climate change past, present, and future. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society161(3): 244–263.
8.
AnchukaitisKJTierneyJE (2013) Identifying coherent spatiotemporal modes in time-uncertain proxy paleoclimate records. Climate Dynamics41(5–6): 1291–1306.
9.
AnchukaitisKJEvansMNKaplanEA, et al. (2006) Forward modeling of regional scale tree-ring patterns in the southeastern United States and the recent influence of summer drought. Geophysical Research Letters33(4): L04705.
10.
AnchukaitisKJTaylorMJLelandC, et al. (2015) Tree-ring reconstructed dry season rainfall in Guatemala. Climate Dynamics45(5–6): 1537–1546.
11.
AndereggWRLSchwalmCBiondiF, et al. (2015) Pervasive drought legacies in forest ecosystems and their implications for carbon cycle models. Science Reports349(6247): 528–532.
12.
Andreu-HaylesLD’ArrigoRAnchukaitisKJ, et al. (2011) Varying boreal forest response to Arctic environmental change at the Firth River, Alaska. Environmental Research Letters6(4): 045503.
13.
Andreu-HaylesLLevesqueMMartin-BenitoD, et al. (2019) A high yield cellulose extraction system for small whole wood samples and dual measurement of carbon and oxygen stable isotopes. Chemical Geology504: 53–65.
14.
ArbellayEJarvisIChavardèsRD, et al. (2018) Tree-ring proxies of larch bud moth defoliation: Latewood width and blue intensity are more precise than tree-ring width. Tree Physiology38(8): 1237–1245.
15.
ArgentRMcMahonTBowlerJ, et al. (2004) The dendroecological potential of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnhardt (river red gum) from the Barmah Forest, Victoria, Australia. Australian Geographical Studies42(1): 89–102.
16.
AsrarGFuchsMKanemasuE, et al. (1984) Estimating absorbed photosynthetic radiation and leaf area index from spectral reflectance in wheat. Agronomy Journal76(2): 300–306.
17.
AtheySTibshiraniJWagerS, et al. (2019) Generalized random forests. The Annals of Statistics47(2): 1148–1178.
18.
AtkinsonDMTreitzP (2013) Modeling biophysical variables across an arctic latitudinal gradient using high spatial resolution remote sensing data. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research45(2): 161–178.
19.
BabstFWrightWESzejnerP, et al. (2016) Blue intensity parameters derived from Ponderosa pine tree rings characterize intra-annual density fluctuations and reveal seasonally divergent water limitations. Trees30(4): 1403–1415.
20.
BaillieMG (1982) Tree-Ring Dating and Archaeology. London: Croom Helm.
21.
BaillieMG (2012) A Slice through Time: Dendrochronology and Precision Dating. London: Routledge.
22.
BaillieMG (2014) Tree-Ring Dating and Archaeology. London: Routledge.
23.
BakerJGloorMSpracklenD, et al. (2016) What drives interannual variation in tree ring oxygen isotopes in the Amazon?Geophysical Research Letters43(22): 11831–11840.
24.
BallesterosJStoffelMBodoqueJ, et al. (2010a) Changes in wood anatomy in tree rings of Pinus pinaster Ait. Following wounding by flash floods. Tree-Ring Research66(2): 93–103.
25.
BallesterosJStoffelMBollschweilerM, et al. (2010b) Flash-flood impacts cause changes in wood anatomy of Alnus glutinosa, Fraxinus angustifolia and Quercus pyrenaica. Tree Physiology30(6): 773–781.
26.
BaretFGuyotG (1991) Potentials and limits of vegetation indices for LAI and APAR assessment. Remote Sensing of Environment35(2–3): 161–173.
27.
BarkerDHuangXYLiuZ, et al. (2012) The weather research and forecasting model’s community variational/ensemble data assimilation system: WRFDA. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society93(6): 831–843.
28.
BeckPSGoetzSJ (2011) Satellite observations of high northern latitude vegetation productivity changes between 1982 and 2008: Ecological variability and regional differences. Environmental Research Letters6(4): 045501.
29.
BeckPSAndreu-HaylesLD’ArrigoR, et al. (2013) A large-scale coherent signal of canopy status in maximum latewood density of tree rings at arctic treeline in North America. Global and Planetary Change100: 109–118.
30.
BeckerB (1993) An 11,000-year German oak and pine dendrochronology for radiocarbon calibration. Radiocarbon35(1): 201–213.
31.
BeerJMcCrackenKVon SteigerR (2012) Cosmogenic Radionuclides: Theory and Applications in the Terrestrial and Space Environments. Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media.
32.
BeerJRaisbeckGYiouF (1991) Time variations of Be-10 and solar activity. In: SonettCPGiampapaMSMatthewsMS (eds) The Sun in Time. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press, pp. 343–359.
33.
BelmecheriSBabstFHudsonAR, et al. (2017) Northern Hemisphere jet stream position indices as diagnostic tools for climate and ecosystem dynamics. Earth Interactions21(8): 1–23.
34.
BelmecheriSWrightWESzejnerP, et al. (2018) Carbon and oxygen isotope fractionations in tree rings reveal interactions between cambial phenology and seasonal climate. Plant, Cell & Environment41(12): 2758–2772.
35.
BernabeiMBontadiJ (2011) Determining the resonance wood provenance of stringed instruments from the Cherubini Conservatory Collection in Florence, Italy. Journal of Cultural Heritage12(2): 196–204.
36.
BernabeiMMartinelliNCherubiniP (2019) Tree-ring analysis on wooden artifacts: What can it tell us? In: LazzaraGFakhrullinR (eds) Nanotechnologies and Nanomaterials for Diagnostic, Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 111–125.
37.
BernabeiMMacchioniNValentinaMR, et al. (2018) A multi-analytical study on the Mango Longo Guitar, a Baroque masterpiece from the Castello Sforzesco, Milan, Italy. Journal of Cultural Heritage34: 69–73.
38.
BernerLTJantzPTapeKD, et al. (2018) Tundra plant above-ground biomass and shrub dominance mapped across the North Slope of Alaska. Environmental Research Letters13(3): 035002.
39.
BhendJFrankeJFoliniD, et al. (2012) An ensemble-based approach to climate reconstructions. Climate of the Past8(3): 963–976.
40.
BhuyanUZangCVicente-SerranoS, et al. (2017) Exploring relationships among tree-ring growth, climate variability, and seasonal leaf activity on varying timescales and spatial resolutions. Remote Sensing9(12): 526.
41.
BillJDalyAJohnsen DalenØKS (2012) DendroCT – Dendrochronology without damage. Dendrochronologia30(3): 223–230.
42.
BillambozA (1992) Tree-Ring Analysis from an Archaeodendrological Perspective. The Structural Timber from the South West German Lake Dwellings. Lund: Department of Quaternary Geology, Lund University.
43.
BillambozA (2004) Dendrochronology in lake-dwelling research. In: MenottiF (ed.) Living on the Lake in Prehistoric Europe: 150 Years of Lake-Dwelling Research. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 117–131.
44.
BillambozA (2008) Dealing with heteroconnections and short tree-ring series at different levels of dating in the dendrochronology of the Southwest German pile-dwellings. Dendrochronologia26(3): 145–155.
45.
BillambozA (2014a) Regional patterns of settlement and woodland developments: Dendroarchaeology in the Neolithic pile-dwellings on Lake Constance (Germany). The Holocene24(10): 1278–1287.
46.
BillambozA (2014b) Timber from old and young trees: Dendrotypology as the backbone of the dendroarchaeological investigations of prehistoric fish traps and pile dwellings in South-West Germany. Journal of Wetland Archaeology14(1): 48–57.
47.
BillingsWDMooneyHA (1968) The ecology of arctic and alpine plants. Biological Reviews43(4): 481–529.
48.
BiondiF (2001) A 400-year tree-ring chronology from the tropical treeline of North America. AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment30(3): 162–166.
49.
BiondiFFessendenJE (1999) Radiocarbon analysis of Pinus lagunae tree rings: Implications for tropical dendrochronology. Radiocarbon41(3): 241–249.
50.
BjorkmanADMyers-SmithIHElmendorfSC, et al. (2018) Plant functional trait change across a warming tundra biome. Nature562(7725): 57–62.
51.
BlackBACopenheaverCAFrankDC, et al. (2009) Multi-proxy reconstructions of northeastern Pacific sea surface temperature data from trees and Pacific geoduck. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology278(1–4): 40–47.
52.
BlackBAGriffinDvan der SleenP, et al. (2016) The value of crossdating to retain high-frequency variability, climate signals, and extreme events in environmental proxies. Global Change Biology22(7): 2582–2595.
53.
Blanc-JolivetCKerstenBDaïnouK, et al. (2017) Development of nuclear SNP markers for genetic tracking of Iroko, Milicia excelsa and Milicia regia. Conservation Genetics Resources9(4): 531–533.
54.
BlokDSass-KlaassenUSchaepman-StrubG, et al. (2011) What are the main climate drivers for shrub growth in Northeastern Siberian tundra?Biogeosciences8(5): 1169–1179.
55.
BlondelFCabanisMGirardclosO, et al. (2018) Impact of carbonization on growth rings: Dating by dendrochronology experiments on oak charcoals collected from archaeological sites. Quaternary International463: 268–281.
56.
BorchardNAdolphsTBeulshausenF, et al. (2017) Carbon accrual rates, vegetation and nutrient dynamics in a regularly burned coppice woodland in Germany. Gcb Bioenergy9(6): 1140–1150.
57.
BormannEHerbertFBerlynE, et al. (1981) Age and Growth Rate of Tropical Trees: New Directions for Research. New Haven, CT: Yale University.
58.
BoswijkGJohnsD (2018) Assessing the potential to calendar date Mori waka (canoes) using dendrochronology. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports17: 442–448.
59.
BouriaudOLebanJMBertD, et al. (2005) Intra-annual variations in climate influence growth and wood density of Norway spruce. Tree Physiology25(6): 651–660.
60.
BradleyRSJonestPD (1993) ‘Little Ice Age’ summer temperature variations: Their nature and relevance to recent global warming trends. The Holocene3(4): 367–376.
61.
BrehautLDanbyRK (2018) Inconsistent relationships between annual tree ring-widths and satellite-measured NDVI in a mountainous subarctic environment. Ecological Indicators91: 698–711.
62.
Bret-HarteMSShaverGRChapinFS (2002) Primary and secondary stem growth in arctic shrubs: Implications for community response to environmental change. Journal of Ecology90(2): 251–267.
63.
BrewerPW (2014) Data management in dendroarchaeology using tellervo. Radiocarbon56(4): S79–S83.
64.
BrewerPWGuitermanCH (2016) A new digital field data collection system for dendrochronology. Dendrochronologia38: 131–135.
65.
BrewerPWMurphyDJansmaE (2011) Tricycle: A universal conversion tool for digital tree-ring data. Tree-Ring Research67(2): 135–144.
66.
BrewerPWSturgeonKMadarL, et al. (2010) A new approach to dendrochronological data management. Dendrochronologia28(2): 131–134.
67.
BridgeM (2012) Locating the origins of wood resources: A review of dendroprovenancing. Journal of Archaeological Science39(8): 2828–2834.
68.
BriffaKRJonesP (1990) Basic chronology statistics and assessment. In: CookERKairiukstisLA (eds) Methods of Dendrochronology: Applications in the Environmental Sciences. Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 137–152.
69.
BriffaKROsbornTJSchweingruberF (2004) Large-scale temperature inferences from tree rings: A review. Global and Planetary Change40(1–2): 11–26.
70.
BrossierBPoirierP (2018) A new method for facilitating tree-ring measurement on charcoal form archaeological and natural contexts. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports19: 115–126.
71.
BuchhornMWalkerDHeimB, et al. (2013) Ground-based hyperspectral characterization of Alaska tundra vegetation along environmental gradients. Remote Sensing5(8): 3971–4005.
72.
BuchwalARachlewiczGFontiP, et al. (2013) Temperature modulates intra-plant growth of Salix polaris from a high Arctic site (Svalbard). Polar Biology36(9): 1305–1318.
73.
BuchwałASzczucińskiWStrzeleckiMC, et al. (2015) New insights into the 21 November 2000 tsunami in West Greenland from analyses of the tree-ring structure of Salix glauca. Polish Polar Research36(1): 51–65.
74.
BuckleyBMAnchukaitisKJPennyD, et al. (2010) Climate as a contributing factor in the demise of Angkor, Cambodia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences107(15): 6748–6752.
75.
BuckleyBMBarbettiMWatanasakM, et al. (1995) Dendrochronological investigations in Thailand. IAWA Journal16(4): 393–409.
76.
BucurV (2016) Dendrochronology and wood resources for authentic, historical period musical instruments. In: BucurV (ed.) Handbook of Materials for String Musical Instruments. Cham: Springer, pp. 639–698.
77.
BunnAGHughesMKKirdyanovAV, et al. (2013) Comparing forest measurements from tree rings and a space-based index of vegetation activity in Siberia. Environmental Research Letters8(3): 035034.
78.
BüntgenUEggertssonOWackerL, et al. (2017) Multi-proxy dating of Iceland’s major pre-settlement Katla eruption to 822–823. Geology45: 783–786.
79.
BüntgenUTegelWNicolussiK, et al. (2011) 2500 years of European climate variability and human susceptibility. Science331(6017): 578–582.
80.
BüntgenUWackerLGalvánJD, et al. (2018) Tree rings reveal globally coherent signature of cosmogenic radiocarbon events in 774 and 993 CE. Nature Communications9, Article 3605.
81.
ButlerPGRichardsonCAScourseJD, et al. (2009) Accurate increment identification and the spatial extent of the common signal in five Arctica islandica chronologies from the Fladen Ground, northern North Sea. Paleoceanography24(2): PA2210.
82.
ČufarK (2007) Dendrochronology and past human activity – A review of advances since 2000. Tree-Ring Research63(1): 47–60.
83.
ČufarKKromerBTolarT, et al. (2010) Dating of 4th millennium BC pile-dwellings on Ljubljansko barje, Slovenia. Journal of Archaeological Science37(8): 2031–2039.
84.
Cabral-AlemánCPompa-GarcíaMAcosta-HernándezA, et al. (2017) Earlywood and latewood widths of Picea chihuahuana show contrasting sensitivity to seasonal climate. Forests8(5): 173.
85.
CalladoCHda Silva NetoSJScaranoFR, et al. (2001) Anatomical features of growth rings in flood-prone trees of the Atlantic rain forest in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. IAWA Journal22(1): 29–42.
86.
CampbellRMcCarrollDLoaderNJ, et al. (2007) Blue intensity in Pinus sylvestris tree-rings: Developing a new palaeoclimate proxy. The Holocene17(6): 821–828.
87.
CampeloFNabaisCFreitasH, et al. (2007) Climatic significance of tree-ring width and intra-annual density fluctuations in Pinus pinea from a dry Mediterranean area in Portugal. Annals of Forest Science64(2): 229–238.
88.
CampioliMLeblansNMichelsenA (2012) Stem secondary growth of tundra shrubs: Impact of environmental factors and relationships with apical growth. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research44(1): 16–25.
89.
CastagneriDPetitGCarrerM (2015) Divergent climate response on hydraulic-related xylem anatomical traits of Picea abies along a 900-m altitudinal gradient. Tree Physiology35(12): 1378–1387.
90.
ChiesiMMaselliFBindiM, et al. (2005) Modelling carbon budget of Mediterranean forests using ground and remote sensing measurements. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology135(1–4): 22–34.
91.
ChristensenJHKanikicharlaKKMarshallG, et al. (2013) Climate phenomena and their relevance for future regional climate change. In: StockerTFQinDPlattnerG-Ket al. (eds) Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergrovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1217–1308.
92.
CookER (1985) A time series approach to tree-ring standardization. PhD Thesis, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.
93.
CookERBriffaKJonesP (1994) Spatial regression methods in dendroclimatology: A review and comparison of two techniques. International Journal of Climatology14: 379–402.
94.
CookERKairiukstisLA (2013) Methods of Dendrochronology: Applications in the Environmental Sciences. Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media.
95.
CookERAnchukaitisKJBuckleyBM, et al. (2010a) Asian monsoon failure and megadrought during the last millennium. Science328(5977): 486–489.
96.
CookERBriffaKRMekoDD, et al. (1995) The ‘segment length curse’ in long tree-ring chronology development for palaeoclimatic studies. The Holocene5(2): 229–237.
97.
CookERBuckleyBMPalmerJG, et al. (2006) Millennia-long tree-ring records from Tasmania and New Zealand: A basis for modelling climate variability and forcing, past, present and future. Journal of Quaternary Science21(7): 689–699.
98.
CookERMekoDStahleD, et al. (1999) Drought reconstructions for the continental United States. Journal of Climate12(4): 1145–1163.
99.
CookERPalmerJGCookBI, et al. (2002) A multi-millennial palaeoclimatic resource from Lagarostrobos colensoi tree-rings at Oroko Swamp, New Zealand. Global and Planetary Change33(3–4): 209–220.
100.
CookERSeagerRHeimRRJr, et al. (2010b) Megadroughts in North America: Placing IPCC projections of hydroclimatic change in a long-term paleoclimate context. Journal of Quaternary Science25(1): 48–61.
101.
CookERWoodhouseCAEakinCM, et al. (2004) Long-term aridity changes in the western united states. Science306(5698): 1015–1018.
102.
CopiniPSass-KlaassenUDen OudenJ (2010) Coppice fingerprints in growth patterns of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur). In: Vol. 8: Proceedings of the dendrochronology 2009 on TRACE (tree rings in archaeology, climatology and ecology), Otocec, Slovenia, 16–19 April 2009. Scientific Technical Report STR 10/05. Potsdam: GFZ Potsdam, pp. 54–60.
103.
CoulthardBLTouchanRAnchukaitisKJ, et al. (2017) Tree growth and vegetation activity at the ecosystem-scale in the eastern Mediterranean. Environmental Research Letters12(8): 084008.
104.
DannenbergMPWiseEK (2016) Seasonal climate signals from multiple tree ring metrics: A case study of Pinus ponderosa in the upper Columbia River Basin. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences121(4): 1178–1189.
105.
D’ArrigoRDMalmstromCMJacobyGC, et al. (2000) Correlation between maximum latewood density of annual tree rings and NDVI based estimates of forest productivity. International Journal of Remote Sensing21(11): 2329–2336.
106.
DavidETChhinSSkoleD (2014) Dendrochronological potential and productivity of tropical tree species in western Kenya. Tree-Ring Research70(2): 119–135.
107.
DeanJSRobinsonWJ (1978) Expanded Tree-Ring Chronologies for the Southwestern United States, vol. 3. Tucson, AZ: Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research.
108.
DeeDPUppalaSMSimmonsA, et al. (2011) The era-interim reanalysis: Configuration and performance of the data assimilation system. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society137(656): 553–597.
109.
DeeSGSteigerNJEmile-GeayJ, et al. (2016) On the utility of proxy system models for estimating climate states over the common era. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems8(3): 1164–1179.
110.
DeforceKHanecaK (2015) Tree-ring analysis of archaeological charcoal as a tool to identify past woodland management: The case from a 14th century site from Oudenaarde (Belgium). Quaternary International366: 70–80.
111.
DeguillouxMFPemongeMHPetitRJ (2004) DNA-based control of oak wood geographic origin in the context of the cooperage industry. Annals of Forest Science61(1): 97–104.
112.
DelaygueGBardE (2011) An Antarctic view of Beryllium-10 and solar activity for the past millennium. Climate Dynamics36(11–12): 2201–2218.
113.
DeRoseRJLongJNRamseyRD (2011) Combining dendrochronological data and the disturbance index to assess Engelmann spruce mortality caused by a spruce beetle outbreak in southern Utah, USA. Remote Sensing of Environment115(9): 2342–2349.
114.
Di MatteoGNardiPFabbioG (2017) On the use of stable carbon isotopes to detect the physiological impact of forest management: The case of Mediterranean coppice woodland. Forest Ecology and Management389: 158–166.
115.
DingPShenCYiW, et al. (2015) A high resolution method for 14C analysis of a coral from South China Sea: Implication for ‘AD 775’ 14C event. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions With Materials and Atoms361: 659–664.
116.
DouglassAE (1909) Weather cycles in the growth of big trees. Monthly Weather Review37(6): 225–237.
117.
DouglassAE (1928) Climate and trees. Nature Magazine12: 51–53.
118.
DouglassAE (1935) Dating Pueblo Bonito and Other Ruins of the Southwest, vol. 1. Washington, DC: National Geographic Society.
119.
DouglassAE (1941) Crossdating in dendrochronology. Journal of Forestry39(10): 825–831.
120.
DouglassAE (2006) The Secret of the Southwest Solved by Talkative Tree Rings. Whitefish, MT: Kessinger Publishing.
121.
DrakeBLWillsWHHamiltonMI, et al. (2014) Strontium isotopes and the reconstruction of the Chaco regional system: Evaluating uncertainty with Bayesian mixing models. PLoS ONE9(5): e95580.
122.
DuanJLiLMaZ, et al. (2018) summer cooling driven by large volcanic eruptions over the Tibetan Plateau. Journal of Climate31(24): 9869–9879.
123.
DuchesneLD’OrangevilleLOuimetR, et al. (2017) Extracting coherent tree-ring climatic signals across spatial scales from extensive forest inventory data. PLoS ONE12(12): e0189444.
124.
Dumolin-LapègueSPemongeMHGiellyL, et al. (1999) Amplification of oak DNA from ancient and modern wood. Molecular Ecology8(12): 2137–2140.
125.
EhrlichYRegevLBoarettoE (2018) Radiocarbon analysis of modern olive wood raises doubts concerning a crucial piece of evidence in dating the Santorini eruption. Scientific Reports8(1): 11841.
126.
ElkingtonTJonesB (1974) Biomass and primary productivity of birch (Betula pubescens s. lat.) in south-west Greenland. The Journal of Ecology62: 821–830.
127.
ElmendorfSCHenryGHHollisterRD, et al. (2012a) Global assessment of experimental climate warming on tundra vegetation: Heterogeneity over space and time. Ecology Letters15(2): 164–175.
128.
ElmendorfSCHenryGHHollisterRD, et al. (2012b) Plot-scale evidence of tundra vegetation change and links to recent summer warming. Nature Climate Change2(6): 453–457.
129.
Emile-GeayJMcKayNPKaufmanDS, et al. (2017) A global multiproxy database for temperature reconstructions of the common era. Scientific Data4: 170088.
130.
EnglishNBBetancourtJLDeanJS, et al. (2001) Strontium isotopes reveal distant sources of architectural timber in Chaco Canyon, New Mexico. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences98(21): 11891–11896.
131.
EsperJCookERSchweingruberFH (2002) Low-frequency signals in long tree-ring chronologies for reconstructing past temperature variability. Science295(5563): 2250–2253.
132.
EsperJEggertsson KirdyanovÓAVSchweingruberFH, et al. (2015) Timber logging in central Siberia is the main source for recent arctic driftwood. Arctic, Antarctic & Alpine Research47(3): 449–460.
133.
EvansJ (1992) Coppice forestry – an overview. In: BuckleyGP (ed.) Ecology and Management of Coppice Woodlands. Cham: Springer, pp. 18–27.
134.
EvansMNSchragDP (2004) A stable isotope-based approach to tropical dendroclimatology. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta68(16): 3295–3305.
135.
EvansMNSmerdonJEKaplanA, et al. (2014) Climate field reconstruction uncertainty arising from multivariate and nonlinear properties of predictors. Geophysical Research Letters41(24): 9127–9134.
136.
EvansMNTolwinski-WardSEThompsonDM, et al. (2013) Applications of proxy system modeling in high resolution paleoclimatology. Quaternary Science Reviews76: 16–28.
137.
EvensenG (1994) Sequential data assimilation with a nonlinear quasi-geostrophic model using Monte Carlo methods to forecast error statistics. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans99(C5): 10143–10162.
138.
FebruaryE (2000) Archaeological charcoal and dendrochronology to reconstruct past environments of southern Africa. South African Journal of Science96(3): 111–115.
139.
FergusonCGraybillD (1983) Dendrochronology of bristlecone pine. Radiocarbon25(2): 287–288.
140.
FriedrichMRemmeleSKromerB, et al. (2004) The 12,460-year Hohenheim oak and pine tree-ring chronology from central Europe – A unique annual record for radiocarbon calibration and paleoenvironment reconstructions. Radiocarbon46(3): 1111–1122.
141.
FrittsH (1976) Tree Rings and Climate. New York: Academic Press.
142.
GärtnerH (2007) Tree roots methodological review and new development in dating and quantifying erosive processes. Geomorphology86(3–4): 243–251.
143.
Gärtner-RoerIHeinrichIGärtnerH (2013) Wood anatomical analysis of Swiss willow (Salix helvetica) shrubs growing on creeping mountain permafrost. Dendrochronologia31(2): 97–104.
144.
GazolACamareroJJVicente-SerranoSM, et al. (2018) Forest resilience to drought varies across biomes. Global Change Biology24(5): 2143–2158.
145.
GebrekirstosABräuningASass-KlassenU, et al. (2014) Opportunities and applications of dendrochronology in Africa. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability6: 48–53.
146.
GedalofZSmithD (2001) Dendroclimatic response of mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana) in Pacific North America. Canadian Journal of Forest Research31: 322–332.
147.
GedalofZMantuaNJPetersonDL (2002) A multi-century perspective of variability in the Pacific Decadal Oscillation: New insights from tree rings and coral. Geophysical Research Letters29(24): 57–51.
148.
GennarettiFHuardDNaulierM, et al. (2017) Bayesian multiproxy temperature reconstruction with black spruce ring widths and stable isotopes from the northern Quebec taiga. Climate Dynamics49(11–12): 4107–4119.
149.
GergisJFowlerA (2006) How unusual was late 20th century El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)? Assessing evidence from tree-ring, coral, ice-core and documentary palaeoarchives, A.D. 1525-2002. Advances in Geosciences6: 173–179.
150.
GholamiVTorkamanJDalirP (2019) Simulation of precipitation time series using tree-rings, earlywood vessel features, and artificial neural network. Theoretical and Applied Climatology137: 1939–1948.
151.
GrauHREasdaleTAPaoliniL (2003) Subtropical dendroecology – dating disturbances and forest dynamics in northwestern Argentina montane ecosystems. Forest Ecology and Management177(1–3): 131–143.
152.
GreavesHEVierlingLAEitelJU, et al. (2016) High-resolution mapping of aboveground shrub biomass in Arctic tundra using airborne lidar and imagery. Remote Sensing of Environment184: 361–373.
153.
GriffinDAnchukaitisKJ (2014) How unusual is the 2012–2014 California drought?Geophysical Research Letters41(24): 9017–9023.
154.
GriffinDWoodhouseCAMekoDM, et al. (2013) North American monsoon precipitation reconstructed from tree-ring latewood. Geophysical Research Letters40(5): 954–958.
155.
GruddHBriffaKRKarlénW, et al. (2002) A 7400-year tree-ring chronology in northern Swedish Lapland: Natural climatic variability expressed on annual to millennial timescales. The Holocene12(6): 657–665.
156.
GuanBTWrightWECookER (2017) Ensemble empirical mode decomposition as an alternative for tree-ring chronology development. Tree-Ring Research74(1): 28–38.
157.
GuitermanCHSwetnamTWDeanJS (2016) Eleventh-century shift in timber procurement areas for the great houses of Chaco Canyon. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences113(5): 1186–1190.
158.
GüttlerDAdolphiFBeerJ, et al. (2015) Rapid increase in cosmogenic 14C in AD 775 measured in New Zealand kauri trees indicates short-lived increase in 14C production spanning both hemispheres. Earth and Planetary Science Letters411: 290–297.
159.
HajjFPoszwaABouchezJ, et al. (2017) Radiogenic and ‘stable’ strontium isotopes in provenance studies: A review and first results on archaeological wood from shipwrecks. Journal of Archaeological Science86: 24–49.
160.
HakimGJEmile-GeayJSteigEJ, et al. (2016) The last millennium climate reanalysis project: Framework and first results. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres121(12): 6745–6764.
161.
HanecaKVan AckerJBeeckmanH (2005a) Growth trends reveal the forest structure during Roman and Medieval times in Western Europe: A comparison between archaeological and actual oak ring series (Quercus robur and Quercus petraea). Annals of Forest Science62(8): 797–805.
162.
HanecaKBoerenIVan AckerJ, et al. (2006) Dendrochronology in suboptimal conditions: Tree rings from medieval oak from Flanders (Belgium) as dating tools and archives of past forest management. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany15(2): 137–144.
163.
HanecaKČufarKBeeckmanH (2009) Oaks, tree-rings and wooden cultural heritage: A review of the main characteristics and applications of oak dendrochronology in Europe. Journal of Archaeological Science36(1): 1–11.
164.
HanecaKWaznyTVan AckerJ, et al. (2005b) Provenancing Baltic timber from art historical objects: Success and limitations. Journal of Archaeological Science32(2): 261–271.
165.
HantemirovRMShiyatovSG (2002) A continuous multimillennial ring-width chronology in Yamal, northwestern Siberia. The Holocene12(6): 717–726.
166.
HavströmMCallaghanTVJonassonS (1993) Differential growth responses of Cassiope tetragona, an arctic dwarf-shrub, to environmental perturbations among three contrasting high- and subarctic sites. Oikos66: 389–402.
167.
HelamaSLäänelaidATietäväinenH, et al. (2010) Late Holocene climatic variability reconstructed from incremental data from pines and pearl mussels – A multi-proxy comparison of air and subsurface temperatures. Boreas39(4): 734–748.
168.
HelamaSSaranpääPPearsonCL, et al. (2019) Frost rings in 1627 BC and AD 536 in subfossil pinewood from Finnish Lapland. Quaternary Science Reviews204: 208–215.
169.
HelamaSSchöneBRKirchheferAJ, et al. (2007) Compound response of marine and terrestrial ecosystems to varying climate: Pre-anthropogenic perspective from bivalve shell growth increments and tree-rings. Marine Environmental Research63(3): 185–199.
170.
HellmannLTegelWGeyerJ, et al. (2017) Dendro-provenancing of Arctic driftwood. Quaternary Science Reviews162: 1–11.
171.
HillGBHenryGH (2011) Responses of high arctic wet sedge tundra to climate warming since 1980. Global Change Biology17(1): 276–287.
172.
HoadleyRB (1990) Identifying wood: Accurate results with simple tools. Newtown, CT: Taunton Press.
173.
HoggATurneyCPalmerJ, et al. (2013) The New Zealand kauri (Agathis australis) research project: A radiocarbon dating intercomparison of Younger Dryas wood and implications for IntCal13. Radiocarbon55(4): 2035–2048.
174.
HoylmanZHJencsoKGHuJ, et al. (2018) Hillslope topography mediates spatial patterns of ecosystem sensitivity to climate: Forest productivity in complex terrain. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences123(2): 353–371.
175.
HudsonJMHenryGH (2009) Increased plant biomass in a High Arctic heath community from 1981 to 2008. Ecology90(10): 2657–2663.
176.
HudsonJMHenryGH (2010) High arctic plant community resists 15 years of experimental warming. Journal of Ecology98(5): 1035–1041.
177.
HughesMKGraumlichLJ (1996) Multimillennial dendroclimatic studies from the western United States. In: JonesPDBradleyRSJouzelJ (eds) Climatic Variations and Forcing Mechanisms of the Last 2000 Years. Cham: Springer, pp. 109–124.
178.
JacobyGC (1989) Overview of tree-ring analysis in tropical regions. IAWA Journal10(2): 99–108.
179.
JacobyGCJrD’ArrigoR (1990) Teak (Tectona grandis L.F.), a tropical species of large-scale dendroclimatic potential. Dendrochronologia8: 83–98.
180.
JansmaEBrewerPWZandhuisI (2010) Tridas 1.1: The tree-ring data standard. Dendrochronologia28(2): 99–130.
181.
JansmaEvan LanenRJBrewerPW, et al. (2012a) The DCCD: A digital data infrastructure for tree-ring research. Dendrochronologia30(4): 249–251.
182.
JansmaEvan LanenRJSturgeonK, et al. (2012b) TRiDaBASE: A stand-alone database for storage, analysis and exchange of dendrochronological metadata. Dendrochronologia30(3): 209–211.
183.
JonesMHBayCNordenhällU (1997) Effects of experimental warming on arctic willows (Salix spp.): A comparison of responses from the Canadian High Arctic, Alaskan Arctic, and Swedish Subarctic. Global Change Biology3(S1): 55–60.
184.
JonesP (2009) High-resolution palaeoclimatology of the last millennium: A review of current status and future prospects. The Holocene19: 3–49.
185.
JonesPBriffaKBarnettT, et al. (1998) High-resolution palaeoclimatic records for the last millennium: Interpretation, integration and comparison with General Circulation Model control-run temperatures. The Holocene8(4): 455–471.
186.
JullAPanyushkinaIPLangeTE, et al. (2014) Excursions in the 14C record at AD 774-775 in tree rings from Russia and America. Geophysical Research Letters41(8): 3004–3010.
187.
KelleherCHodkinsonTKellyD, et al. (2004) Characterisation of chloroplast DNA haplotypes to reveal the provenance and genetic structure of oaks in Ireland. Forest Ecology and Management189(1–3): 123–131.
188.
KillingbeckKT (2017) Are growth rings accurate fingerprints of plant age in a stem-succulent, drought-deciduous shrub growing in the Chihuahuan Desert?Journal of Arid Environments144: 220–223.
189.
KlesseSDeRoseRJGuitermanCH, et al. (2018) Sampling bias overestimates climate change impacts on forest growth in the southwestern United States. Nature Communications9(1): 5336.
190.
KuivinenKCLawsonMP (1982) Dendroclimatic analysis of birch in south Greenland. Arctic and Alpine Research14(3): 243–250.
191.
KukundaCBDuque-LazoJGonzalez-FerreiroE, et al. (2018) Ensemble classification of individual Pinus crowns from multispectral satellite imagery and airborne LiDAR. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation65: 12–23.
192.
Le MoullecMBuchwalAvan der WalR, et al. (2019) Annual ring growth of a widespread high arctic shrub reflects past fluctuations in community-level plant biomass. Journal of Ecology107: 436–451.
193.
LefskyMACohenWBParkerGG, et al. (2002) LiDAR remote sensing for ecosystem studies: Lidar, an emerging remote sensing technology that directly measures the three-dimensional distribution of plant canopies, can accurately estimate vegetation structural attributes and should be of particular interest to forest, landscape, and global ecologists. AIBS Bulletin52(1): 19–30.
194.
LensFSperryJSChristmanMA, et al. (2011) Testing hypotheses that link wood anatomy to cavitation resistance and hydraulic conductivity in the genus Acer. New Phytologist190(3): 709–723.
195.
LevaničTČaterMMcDowellNG (2011) Associations between growth, wood anatomy, carbon isotope discrimination and mortality in a Quercus robur forest. Tree Physiology31(3): 298–308.
196.
LiuYZhangZFPengZC, et al. (2014) Mysterious abrupt carbon-14 increase in coral contributed by a comet. Scientific Reports4: 3728.
197.
Lopez SaezJCoronaCStoffelM, et al. (2011) Debris-flow activity in abandoned channels of the Manival torrent reconstructed with LiDAR and tree-ring data. Natural Hazards and Earth System Science11(5): 1247–1257.
198.
LoweAJCrossHB (2011) The application of DNA methods to timber tracking and origin verification. IAWA Journal32(2): 251–262.
199.
Lucas-BorjaMAhrazemOCandel-PérezD, et al. (2016) Evaluation of fire recurrence effect on genetic diversity in maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) stands using Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat profiles. Science of the Total Environment572: 1322–1328.
200.
LuckmanBH (1993) Glacier fluctuation and tree-ring records for the last millennium in the Canadian Rockies. Quaternary Science Reviews12(6): 441–450.
201.
LuterbacherJDietrichDXoplakiE, et al. (2004) European seasonal and annual temperature variability, trends, and extremes since 1500. Science303(5663): 1499–1503.
202.
LuterbacherJWernerJSmerdonJE, et al. (2016) European summer temperatures since Roman times. Environmental Research Letters11(2): 024001.
203.
McCarrollDJalkanenRHicksS, et al. (2003) Multiproxy dendroclimatology: A pilot study in northern Finland. The Holocene13(6): 829–838.
204.
McCarrollDTuovinenMCampbellR, et al. (2011) A critical evaluation of multi-proxy dendroclimatology in northern Finland. Journal of Quaternary Science26(1): 7–14.
205.
MaděraPSlachTÚradníčekL, et al. (2017) Tree shape and form in ancient coppice woodlands. Journal of Landscape Ecology10(2): 49–62.
206.
MaessenOFreedmanBNamsM, et al. (1983) Resource allocation in high-arctic vascular plants of differing growth form. Canadian Journal of Botany61(6): 1680–1691.
207.
MalmströmCMThompsonMVJudayGP, et al. (1997) Interannual variation in global-scale net primary production: Testing model estimates. Global Biogeochemical Cycles11(3): 367–392.
208.
MannMERutherfordSWahlE, et al. (2007) Robustness of proxy-based climate field reconstruction methods. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres112(D12): D12109.
209.
MartinACJeffersESPetrokofskyG, et al. (2017) Shrub growth and expansion in the arctic tundra: An assessment of controlling factors using an evidence-based approach. Environmental Research Letters12(8): 085007.
210.
MaxwellJTHarleyGLMatheusTJ (2015) Dendroclimatic reconstructions from multiple co-occurring species: A case study from an old-growth deciduous forest in Indiana, USA. International Journal of Climatology35(6): 860–870.
211.
MazurkevichADolbunovaEMaigrotY, et al. (2010) The results of underwater excavations at Serteya II, and research into pile-dwellings in northwest Russia. Archaeologia Baltica14: 47–64.
212.
MekoDM (1981) Applications of Box-Jenkins methods of time-series analysis to the reconstruction of drought from tree rings. PhD Dissertation. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona.
213.
MihaljevičMJarošíkováAEttlerV, et al. (2018) Copper isotopic record in soils and tree rings near a copper smelter, Copperbelt, Zambia. Science of the Total Environment621: 9–17.
214.
MillerRN (1986) Toward the application of the Kalman filter to regional open ocean modeling. Journal of Physical Oceanography16(1): 72–86.
215.
MiyakeFMasudaKNakamuraT (2013) Another rapid event in the carbon-14 content of tree rings. Nature Communications4: 1748.
216.
MiyakeFJullATPanyushkinaIP, et al. (2017) Large 14C excursion in 5480 BC indicates an abnormal sun in the mid-Holocene. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences114: 881–884.
217.
MiyakeFNagayaKMasudaK, et al. (2012) A signature of cosmic-ray increase in AD 774-775 from tree rings in Japan. Nature486(7402): 240–242.
218.
MorganRA (1975) The selection and sampling of timber from archaeological sites for identification and tree-ring analysis. Journal of Archaeological Science2(3): 221–230.
219.
MorganRA (1988) Tree-Ring Studies of Wood Used in Neolithic and Bronze Age Trackways from the Somerset Levels. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports.
220.
Myers-SmithIHHikDS (2018) Climate warming as a driver of tundra shrubline advance. Journal of Ecology106(2): 547–560.
221.
Myers-SmithIHElmendorfSCBeckPS, et al. (2015a) Climate sensitivity of shrub growth across the tundra biome. Nature Climate Change5(9): 887–891.
222.
Myers-SmithIHForbesBCWilmkingM, et al. (2011) Shrub expansion in tundra ecosystems: Dynamics, impacts and research priorities. Environmental Research Letters6(4): 045509.
223.
Myers-SmithIHHallingerMBlokD, et al. (2015b) Methods for measuring arctic and alpine shrub growth: A review. Earth-Science Reviews140: 1–13.
224.
Myers-SmithIHKerbyJTPhoenixGK, et al. (2019) Complexity revealed in the greening of the Arctic. Nature Climate Change10(2): 106–117.
225.
NakaiWOkadaNSanoM, et al. (2018) Sample preparation of ring-less tropical trees for δ18O measurement in isotope dendrochronology. Tropics27(2): 49–58.
226.
NataliSMSchuurEARubinRL (2012) Increased plant productivity in Alaskan tundra as a result of experimental warming of soil and permafrost. Journal of Ecology100(2): 488–498.
227.
NaylingN (2018) Shipwrecks and Provenance: In-Situ Timber Sampling Protocols with a Focus on Wrecks of the Iberian Shipbuilding Tradition. Oxford: Archaeopress.
228.
O’DonnellAJCullenLEMcCawWL, et al. (2010) Dendroecological potential of Callitris preissii for dating historical fires in semi-arid shrublands of southern Western Australia. Dendrochronologia28(1): 37–48.
229.
OhareMP (2017) Multiradionuclide evidence for an extreme solar proton event around 2610 BP. Dissertation. Lund: Department of Geology, Lund University.
230.
OhashiSDurganteFMKagawaA, et al. (2016) Seasonal variations in the stable oxygen isotope ratio of wood cellulose reveal annual rings of trees in a Central Amazon terra firme forest. Oecologia180(3): 685–696.
231.
OkochiT (2016) A nondestructive dendrochronological study on Japanese wooden Shinto art sculptures using micro-focus X-ray computed tomography (CT): Reviewing two methods for scanning objects of different sizes. Dendrochronologia38: 1–10.
232.
OkochiTHoshinoYFujiiH, et al. (2007) Nondestructive tree-ring measurements for Japanese oak and Japanese beech using micro-focus X-ray computed tomography. Dendrochronologia24(2–3): 155–164.
233.
OladiREmaminasabMEcksteinD (2017) The dendroecological potential of shrubs in north Iranian semi-deserts. Dendrochronologia44: 94–102.
234.
OngJJLRountreyANMeeuwigJJ, et al. (2015) Contrasting environmental drivers of adult and juvenile growth in a marine fish: Implications for the effects of climate change. Scientific Reports5: 10859.
235.
OppenheimerCWackerLXuJ, et al. (2017) Multi-proxy dating the ‘Millennium Eruption’ of Changbaishan to late 946 CE. Quaternary Science Reviews158: 164–171.
236.
OsbornTJBriffaKJonesPD (1997) Adjusting variance for sample-size. Dendrochronologia15: 89–99.
237.
Otto-BliesnerBBradyEFasulloJ, et al. (2016) Climate variability and change since 850 CE: An ensemble approach with the Community Earth System Model (CESM). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society97: 735–754.
238.
OwczarekPLatochaAWistubaM, et al. (2013) Reconstruction of modern debris flow activity in the arctic environment with the use of dwarf shrubs (south-western Spitsbergen) – A new dendrochronological approach. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie57(3): 75–95.
239.
OwczarekPNawrotAMigałaK, et al. (2014) Flood-plain responses to contemporary climate change in small High-Arctic basins (Svalbard, Norway). Boreas43(2): 384–402.
240.
PalmerJGCookERTurneyCS, et al. (2015) Drought variability in the eastern Australia and New Zealand summer drought atlas (ANZDA, CE 1500–2012) modulated by the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation. Environmental Research Letters10(12): 124002.
241.
PalmerJGLorreyATurneyCS, et al. (2006) Extension of New Zealand kauri (Agathis australis) tree-ring chronologies into Oxygen Isotope Stage (OIS) 3. Journal of Quaternary Science21(7): 779–787.
242.
Paradis-GrenouilletSDufraisseA (2018) Deciduous oak/chestnut: Differential shrinkage of wood during charcoalification? Preliminary experimental results and implications for wood diameter study in anthracology. Quaternary International463: 258–267.
243.
PayetteSDelwaideASimardM (2010) Frost-ring chronologies as dendroclimatic proxies of boreal environments. Geophysical Research Letters37(2): L02711.
244.
PearsonCLBrewerPWBrownD, et al. (2018) Annual radiocarbon record indicates 16th century BCE date for the Thera eruption. Science Advances4(8): eaar8241.
245.
PedersonNBellACookE, et al. (2013) Is an epic pluvial masking the water insecurity of the greater New York city region. Journal of Climate26: 1339–1354.
246.
PetersRLBalanzateguiDHurleyAG, et al. (2018) RAPTOR: Row and position tracheid organizer in R. Dendrochronologia47: 10–16.
247.
PetitRJCsaiklUMBordácsS, et al. (2002) Chloroplast DNA variation in European white oaks: Phylogeography and patterns of diversity based on data from over 2600 populations. Forest Ecology and Management156(1–3): 5–26.
248.
PiquéRRavottoALópez BultóO (2016) Roman wells of north-eastern Iberian Peninsula: landscape and use of wooden resources. Quaternary International404: 104–113.
249.
PlagnesVCausseCFontugneM, et al. (2003) Cross dating (Th/U-14C) of calcite covering prehistoric paintings in Borneo. Quaternary Research60(2): 172–179.
250.
PluessARWeberP (2012) Drought-adaptation potential in Fagus sylvatica: Linking moisture availability with genetic diversity and dendrochronology. PLoS ONE7(3): e33636.
251.
PonsDTaylorMJGriffinD, et al. (2017) On the production of climate information in the high mountain forests of Guatemala. Annals of the American Association of Geographers107(2): 323–335.
252.
PoussartPFEvansMNSchragDP (2004) Resolving seasonality in tropical trees: Multi-decade, high-resolution oxygen and carbon isotope records from Indonesia and Thailand. Earth and Planetary Science Letters218(3–4): 301–316.
253.
RaabATaklaMRaabT, et al. (2015) Pre-industrial charcoal production in Lower Lusatia (Brandenburg, Germany): Detection and evaluation of a large charcoal-burning field by combining archaeological studies, GIS-based analyses of shaded-relief maps and dendrochronological age determination. Quaternary International367: 111–122.
254.
RackhamOWoodsCH (1967) The history and effects of coppicing ASA woodland practice. In: DuffeyE (ed.) The Biotic Effects of Public Pressures on the Environment, pp. 82–93.
255.
RakowskiAZKrapiecMHuelsM, et al. (2015) Increase of radiocarbon concentration in tree rings from Kujawy (SE Poland) around AD 774–775. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms361: 564–568.
256.
RäsänenAJuutinenSAurelaM, et al. (2019) Predicting aboveground biomass in arctic landscapes using very high spatial resolution satellite imagery and field sampling. International Journal of Remote Sensing40(3): 1175–1199.
257.
RaybackSAHenryGH (2005) Dendrochronological potential of the Arctic dwarf-shrubCassiope tetragona. Tree-Ring Research61(1): 43–53.
258.
ReesG (2015) Verifying the Declared Origin of Timber Using Stable Isotope Ratio and Multi-Element Analyses. PhD Thesis, University of York, York.
259.
ReimerPJBardEBaylissA, et al. (2013) IntCal13 and Marine13 radiocarbon age calibration curves 0–50,000 years cal BP. Radiocarbon55(4): 1869–1887.
260.
RemaneIATherrellMD (2015) Dendrochronological potential of Millettia stuhlmannii in Mozambique. Trees29(3): 729–736.
261.
ReynoldsACBetancourtJLQuadeJ, et al. (2005) 87Sr/86Sr sourcing of ponderosa pine used in Anasazi great house construction at Chaco Canyon, New Mexico. Journal of Archaeological Science32(7): 1061–1075.
262.
RichSManningSWDegryseP, et al. (2012) Strontium isotopic and tree-ring signatures of Cedrus brevifolia in Cyprus. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry27(5): 796–806.
263.
RiedererJ (1986) The detection of art forgeries with scientific methods. In: MaehlyAWilliamsRL (eds) Forensic Science Progress. Berlin: Springer, pp. 153–168.
264.
RoerIGärtnerHHeinrichI (2007) Dendrogeomorphological analysis of alpine trees and shrubs growing on active and inactive rockglaciers. TRACE – Tree Rings in Archaeology, Climatology and Ecology5: 248–258.
265.
RoparsPAngers-BlondinSGagnonM, et al. (2017) Different parts, different stories: Climate sensitivity of growth is stronger in root collars vs. stems in tundra shrubs. Global Change Biology23(8): 3281–3291.
266.
RossiSDeslauriersAAnfodilloT, et al. (2006) Conifers in cold environments synchronize maximum growth rate of tree-ring formation with day length. New Phytologist170(2): 301–310.
267.
RozendaalDMZuidemaPA (2011) Dendroecology in the tropics: A review. Trees25(1): 3–16.
268.
RutherfordSMannMOsbornT, et al. (2005) Proxy-based Northern Hemisphere surface temperature reconstructions: Sensitivity to method, predictor network, target season, and target domain. Journal of Climate18(13): 2308–2329.
269.
RypelALHaagWRFindlayRH (2008) Validation of annual growth rings in freshwater mussel shells using cross dating. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences65(10): 2224–2232.
270.
SalzerMWHughesMK (2007) Bristlecone pine tree rings and volcanic eruptions over the last 5000 yr. Quaternary Research67(1): 57–68.
271.
SchneiderT (2001) Analysis of incomplete climate data: Estimation of mean values and covariance matrices and imputation of missing values. Journal of Climate14(5): 853–871.
272.
SchollaenKBaschekHHeinrichI, et al. (2015) An improved guideline for rapid and precise sample preparation of tree-ring stable isotope analysis. Biogeosciences Discussions12: 11587–11623.
273.
SchöngartJOrthmannBHennenbergKJ, et al. (2006) Climate–growth relationships of tropical tree species in West Africa and their potential for climate reconstruction. Global Change Biology12(7): 1139–1150.
274.
SchweingruberFH (2012a) Tree Rings: Basics and Applications of Dendrochronology. Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media.
275.
SchweingruberFH (2012b) Trees and Wood in Dendrochronology: Morphological, Anatomical, and Tree-Ring Analytical Characteristics of Trees Frequently Used in Dendrochronology. Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media.
276.
SchweingruberFHBüntgenU (2013) What is ‘wood’ – An anatomical re-definition. Dendrochronologia31(3): 187–191.
277.
SchweingruberFHPoschlodP (2005) Growth Rings in Herbs and Shrubs: Life Span, Age Determination and Stem Anatomy, vol. 79. Birmensdorf: Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL.
278.
SchweingruberFHHellmannLTegelW, et al. (2013) Evaluating the wood anatomical and dendroecological potential of arctic dwarf shrub communities. IAWA Journal34(4): 485–497.
279.
SeftigenKCookERLinderholmHW, et al. (2015) The potential of deriving tree-ring-based field reconstructions of droughts and pluvials over Fennoscandia. Journal of Climate28(9): 3453–3471.
280.
ShaoXXuYYinZY, et al. (2010) Climatic implications of a 3585-year tree-ring width chronology from the northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Quaternary Science Reviews29(17–18): 2111–2122.
281.
ShaverGRBret-HarteMSJonesMH, et al. (2001) Species composition interacts with fertilizer to control long-term change in tundra productivity. Ecology82(11): 3163–3181.
282.
SiglMWinstrupMMcConnellJ, et al. (2015) Timing and climate forcing of volcanic eruptions for the past 2,500 years. Nature523(7562): 543–549.
283.
SpeerJH (2010) Fundamentals of Tree-Ring Research. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press.
284.
SpeirsAKMcConnachieGLoweAJ (2009) Chloroplast DNA from 16th century waterlogged oak in a marine environment: Initial steps in sourcing the Mary Rose timbers. In: HaslamMRobertsonGCrowtherAet al. (eds) Archaeological Science Under a Microscope: Studies in Residue and Ancient DNA Analysis in Honour of Thomas H. Loy. Terra Australis 30. Canberra: ANU Press, pp. 175–189.
285.
SpethPChristophMDiekkrügerB (2010) Impacts of Global Change on the Hydrological Cycle in West and Northwest Africa. Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media.
286.
St. GeorgeSMekoDMCookER (2010) The seasonality of precipitation signals embedded within the North American Drought Atlas. The Holocene20(6): 983–988.
287.
StahleDW (1999) Useful strategies for the development of tropical tree-ring chronologies. IAWA Journal20(3): 249–253.
288.
StahleDWCookERBurnetteDJ, et al. (2016) The Mexican Drought Atlas: Tree-ring reconstructions of the soil moisture balance during the late pre-Hispanic, colonial, and modern eras. Quaternary Science Reviews149: 34–60.
289.
StahleDWCookERCleavelandMK, et al. (2000) Tree-ring data document 16th century megadrought over North America. Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union81(12): 121–125.
290.
StavrosENSchimelDPavlickR, et al. (2017) ISS observations offer insights into plant function. Nature Ecology & Evolution1: 0194.
291.
SteelandtSMarguerieDBhiryN, et al. (2015) A study of the composition, characteristics, and origin of modern driftwood on the western coast of Nunavik (Quebec, Canada). Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences120(3): 480–501.
292.
StefaniniMC (2004) Spatio-temporal analysis of a complex landslide in the Northern Apennines (Italy) by means of dendrochronology. Geomorphology63(3–4): 191–202.
293.
SteinhilberFAbreuJABeerJ, et al. (2012) 9,400 years of cosmic radiation and solar activity from ice cores and tree rings. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences109(16): 5967–5971.
294.
StoffelMBollschweilerM (2008) Tree-ring analysis in natural hazards research – An overview. Natural Hazards and Earth System Science8(2): 187–202.
295.
StokesMA (1996) An Introduction to Tree-Ring Dating. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press.
296.
StuiverMBraziunasTF (1993) Sun, ocean, climate and atmospheric 14CO2: An evaluation of causal and spectral relationships. The Holocene3(4): 289–305.
297.
StuiverMKromerBBeckerB, et al. (1986) Radiocarbon age calibration back to 13,300 years BP and the 14C age matching of the German oak and US bristlecone pine chronologies. Radiocarbon28(2B): 969–979.
298.
SturmMRacineCTapeK (2001) Climate change: Increasing shrub abundance in the arctic. Nature411(6837): 546–547.
299.
SuzukiM (2013) Succession of abandoned coppice woodlands weakens tolerance of ground-layer vegetation to ungulate herbivory: A test involving a field experiment. Forest Ecology and Management289: 318–324.
300.
SwetnamTW (1993) Fire history and climate change in giant sequoia groves. Science262(5135): 885–889.
301.
SzabóP (2009) Open woodland in Europe in the Mesolithic and in the Middle Ages: Can there be a connection?Forest Ecology and Management257(12): 2327–2330.
302.
TanMBakerAGentyD, et al. (2006) Applications of stalagmite laminae to paleoclimate reconstructions: Comparison with dendrochronology/climatology. Quaternary Science Reviews25(17–18): 2103–2117.
303.
TapeKSturmMRacineC (2006) The evidence for shrub expansion in northern Alaska and the Pan-Arctic. Global Change Biology12(4): 686–702.
304.
TardifJBergeronY (1997) Comparative dendroclimatological analysis of two black ash and two white cedar populations from contrasting sites in the Lake Duparquet region, northwestern Quebec. Canadian Journal of Forest Research27: 1108–1116.
305.
TarnocaiCCanadellJSchuurE, et al. (2009) Soil organic carbon pools in the northern circumpolar permafrost region. Global Biogeochemical Cycles23(2): 11.
306.
TedeschiVReyAMancaG, et al. (2006) Soil respiration in a Mediterranean oak forest at different developmental stages after coppicing. Global Change Biology12(1): 110–121.
307.
TegelWElburgRHakelbergD, et al. (2012) Early Neolithic water wells reveal the world’s oldest wood architecture. PLoS ONE7(12): e51374.
308.
TerralJFMengüalX (1999) Reconstruction of Holocene climate in southern France and eastern Spain using quantitative anatomy of olive wood and archaeological charcoal. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology153(1–4): 71–92.
309.
Théry-ParisotIChabalLChrzavzezJ (2010) Anthracology and taphonomy, from wood gathering to charcoal analysis. A review of the taphonomic processes modifying charcoal assemblages, in archaeological contexts. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology291(1–2): 142–153.
310.
Tolwinski-WardSEEvansMNHughesMK, et al. (2011) An efficient forward model of the climate controls on interannual variation in tree-ring width. Climate Dynamics36(11–12): 2419–2439.
311.
TouchanRXoplakiEFunkhouserG, et al. (2005) Reconstructions of spring/summer precipitation for the Eastern Mediterranean from tree-ring widths and its connection to large-scale atmospheric circulation. Climate Dynamics25(1): 75–98.
312.
TownerRH (2002) Archeological dendrochronology in the southwestern United States. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews11(2): 68–84.
313.
TrouetVDomínguez-DelmásMPearsonC, et al. (2017) Dendro-archeo-ecology in North America and Europe: Re-purposing Historical Materials to Study Ancient Human-Environment Interactions. In: AmorosoMMDanielsLDBakerPJ, et al. (eds) Dendroecology. Cham: Springer, pp. 365–394.
314.
TuckerCSellersP (1986) Satellite remote sensing of primary production. International Journal of Remote Sensing7(11): 1395–1416.
315.
UetimaneEJrJebraneMTerzievN, et al. (2018) Comparative wood anatomy and chemical composition of Millettia mossambicensis and Millettia stuhlmannii from Mozambique. Bioresources13(2): 3335–3345.
316.
VaganovEAHughesMKSilkinPP, et al. (2004) The Tunguska event in 1908: Evidence from tree-ring anatomy. Astrobiology4(3): 391–399.
317.
Van der SleenPZuidemaPAPonsTL (2017) Stable isotopes in tropical tree rings: Theory, methods and applications. Functional Ecology31(9): 1674–1689.
318.
Van der SleenPGroenendijkPVlamM, et al. (2015) No growth stimulation of tropical trees by 150 years of CO2 fertilization but water-use efficiency increased. Nature Geoscience8(1): 24–28.
319.
VandervellenPHoubrechtsD (2017) Piano’s forgery revealed by dendrochronology. In: MarconiE (ed.), Diagnostic and Imaging on Musical Instruments (Selected Proceedings of the 1st and 2nd International Workshop, 2010-2011 Ravenna, Italy). Florence: Nardini Editore, p. 101.
320.
VannoppenAMaesSKintV, et al. (2017) Using X-ray CT based tree-ring width data for tree growth trend analysis. Dendrochronologia44: 66–75.
321.
Venegas-GonzálezAvon ArxGChagasMP, et al. (2015) Plasticity in xylem anatomical traits of two tropical species in response to intra-seasonal climate variability. Trees29(2): 423–435.
322.
VerganiCGiadrossichFBuckleyP, et al. (2017) Root reinforcement dynamics of European coppice woodlands and their effect on shallow landslides: A review. Earth-Science Reviews167: 88–102.
323.
Vicente-SerranoSMCamareroJJOlanoJM, et al. (2016) Diverse relationships between forest growth and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index at a global scale. Remote Sensing of Environment187: 14–29.
324.
VillalbaRGrosjeanMKieferT (2009) Long-term multi-proxy climate reconstructions and dynamics in South America (LOTRED-SA): State of the art and perspectives. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology281: 175–179.
325.
VisserRM (2015) Imperial timber? Dendrochronological evidence for large-scale road building along the Roman limes in the Netherlands. Journal of Archaeological Science53: 243–254.
326.
VogelJCFulsAVisserE, et al. (1986) Radiocarbon fluctuations during the third millennium BC. Radiocarbon28(2B): 935–938.
327.
von ArxGCarrerM (2014) Roxas – A new tool to build centuries-long tracheid-lumen chronologies in conifers. Dendrochronologia32(3): 290–293.
328.
WackerLGüttlerDGollJ, et al. (2014) Radiocarbon dating to a single year by means of rapid atmospheric 14C changes. Radiocarbon56(2): 573–579.
329.
WagnerBGinzlerCBÃŒrgiA, et al. (2018) An annually-resolved stem growth tool based on 3D laser scans and 2D tree-ring data. Trees32(1): 125–136.
330.
WangLDuanJChenJ, et al. (2010) Temperature reconstruction from tree-ring maximum density of Balfour spruce in eastern Tibet, China. International Journal of Climatology30(7): 972–979.
331.
WaznyT (2010) Dendro-provenancing between the Baltic Sea and the East Mediterranean. In: FraitureP (ed.) Tree Rings, Art, Archaeology: Proceedings of an International Conference. Scientia Artis 7. Brussels: Royal Institute for Cultural Heritage, pp. 81–87.
332.
WeijersSBroekmanRRozemaJ (2010) Dendrochronology in the High Arctic: July air temperatures reconstructed from annual shoot length growth of the circumarctic dwarf shrub Cassiope tetragona. Quaternary Science Reviews29(27–28): 3831–3842.
333.
WeijersSBuchwalABlokD, et al. (2017) High Arctic summer warming tracked by increased Cassiope tetragona growth in the world’s northernmost polar desert. Global Change Biology23(11): 5006–5020.
334.
WigleyT (1984) On the average value of correlated time series, with applications in dendroclimatology and hydrometeorology. Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology23: 201–213.
335.
WillsWDrakeBLDorshowWB (2014) Prehistoric deforestation at Chaco Canyon?Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences111(32): 11584–11591.
336.
WilsTSass-KlaassenUEshetuZ, et al. (2011) Dendrochronology in the dry tropics: The Ethiopian case. Trees25(3): 345–354.
337.
WilsonJW (1964) Annual growth of Salix arctica in the high-arctic. Annals of Botany28(1): 71–76.
338.
WilsonJW (1966) An analysis of plant growth and its control in arctic environments. Annals of Botany30(3): 383–402.
339.
WilsonRLoaderNRydvalM, et al. (2012) Reconstructing Holocene climate from tree rings: The potential for a long chronology from the Scottish highlands. The Holocene22(1): 3–11.
340.
WilsonRWilsonDRydvalM, et al. (2017) Facilitating tree-ring dating of historic conifer timbers using Blue Intensity. Journal of Archaeological Science78: 99–111.
341.
WittGBEnglishNBBalanzateguiD, et al. (2017) The climate reconstruction potential of Acacia cambagei (gidgee) for semi-arid regions of Australia using stable isotopes and elemental abundances. Journal of Arid Environments136: 19–27.
342.
WoodcockHBradleyRS (1994) Salix arctica (Pall.): Its potential for dendroclimatological studies in the High Arctic. Dendrochronologia12(1): 11–22.
343.
WoodhouseCA (1999) Artificial neural networks and dendroclimatic reconstructions: An example from the Front Range, Colorado, USA. The Holocene9(5): 521–529.
344.
WoodhouseCAGraySTMekoDM (2006) Updated streamflow reconstructions for the Upper Colorado River basin. Water Resources Research42(5): W05415.
345.
WorbesM (1999) Annual growth rings, rainfall-dependent growth and long-term growth patterns of tropical trees from the Caparo Forest Reserve in Venezuela. Journal of Ecology87(3): 391–403.
346.
YangBBraeuningAJohnsonKR, et al. (2002) General characteristics of temperature variation in China during the last two millennia. Geophysical Research Letters29(9): 1324.
347.
ZalatanRGajewskiK (2006) Dendrochronological potential of Salix alaxensis from the Kuujjua River area, western Canadian Arctic. Tree-Ring Research62(2): 75–82.
348.
ZhangQBChengGYaoT, et al. (2003) A 2,326-year tree-ring record of climate variability on the northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Geophysical Research Letters30(14): 1739.
349.
ZhaoSPedersonND’OrangevilleL, et al. (2019) The International Tree-Ring Data Bank (ITRDB) revisited: Data availability and global ecological representativity. Journal of Biogeography46(2): 355–368.
350.
ZiacoEBiondiFHeinrichI (2016) Wood cellular dendroclimatology: Testing new proxies in great basin bristlecone pine. Frontiers in Plant Science7: 1602.
