Here we present the first high-resolution late-Holocene glacier record from the Lofoten archipelago in northern Norway. The study is based on analyses of lacustrine sediments from the distal glacier-fed lake Kveitvikvatnet (30.1 m a.s.l.), as well as glacial-geomorphological mapping of the ~4.2-km2 surrounding catchment. The lake sediment cores have been examined for input of glacial-derived sediments by using physical, geochemical and magnetic sediment properties, including x-ray fluorescence (XRF), magnetic susceptibility (MS), grain size analyses, dry bulk density (DBD) and loss-on-ignition (LOI). Former glacier extent has been reconstructed using aerial photography and glacial-geomorphological mapping. Lichenometric dating has been used to construct a moraine chronology covering the recent fluctuations of the largest glacier (back to AD ~1740). AMS radiocarbon dating reveals that the lake sediment record covers the last 1200 years, thereby including both the ‘Little Ice Age’ (LIA) and the ‘Medieval Climate Anomaly’ (MCA). By linking continuously deposited lake sediment proxies of glacier fluctuation to known glacier frontal positions and an independent temperature reconstruction, former fluctuations in the equilibrium-line altitude (ELA) and winter precipitation have been reconstructed. Reconstructed winter precipitation estimates have also been correlated to instrumental data from the region back to AD 1895 and show a remarkable correlation, which further strengthens our approach. We found that both MCA and LIA were periods of substantial glacier variations with respect to the present, with a maximum lowering of the ELA of ~75 and ~85 m, respectively. Increased precipitation during these intervals, associated with more frequent and/or intense winter storms, is suggested to be the major driving force of glacier fluctuations in Lofoten.
AlexanderssonHTuomenvirtaHSchmithT. (2000) Trends of storms in NW Europe derived from an updated pressure data set. Climate Research14: 71–73.
2.
AndersenBG (1968) Glacial Geology of Western Troms, North Norway. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.
3.
AnderssonCRisebrobakkenBJansenE. (2003) Late Holocene surface ocean conditions of the Norwegian Sea (Vøring Plateau). Paleoceanography. Epub ahead of print 4June2003. DOI: 10.1029/2001PA000654.
4.
AndreassenLMWinsvoldSH (2012) Inventory of Norwegian Glaciers. Oslo: Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate.
5.
AndreassenLMElvehøyHKjøllmoenB. (2005) Glacier mass-balance and length variation in Norway. Annals of Glaciology42: 317–325.
6.
ApplebyPGOldfieldF (1978) The calculation of lead-210 dates assuming a constant rate of supply of unsupported 210 Pb to the sediment. Catena5: 1–8.
7.
ApplebyPGRichardsonNNolanPJ (1991) 241Am dating of lake sediments. In: SmithJPApplebyPGBattarbeeRW. (eds) Environmental History and Palaeolimnology. Amsterdam: Springer, pp. 35–42.
8.
ArnaudFLignierVRevelM. (2002) Flood and earthquake disturbance of 210Pb geochronology (Lake Anterne, NW Alps). Terra Nova14: 225–232.
9.
BaderJMesquitaMDSHodgesKI. (2011) A review on Northern Hemisphere sea-ice, storminess and the North Atlantic Oscillation: Observations and projected changes. Atmospheric Research101: 809–834.
10.
BakkeJDahlSONesjeA (2005a) Lateglacial and early Holocene palaeoclimatic reconstruction based on glacier fluctuations and equilibrium-line altitudes at northern Folgefonna, Hardanger, western Norway. Journal of Quaternary Science20: 179–198.
11.
BakkeJDahlSOPaascheØ. (2005b) Glacier fluctuations, equilibrium-line altitudes and palaeoclimate in Lyngen, northern Norway, during the Lateglacial and Holocene. The Holocene15: 518–540.
12.
BakkeJDahlSOPaascheØ. (2010) A complete record of Holocene glacier variability at Austre Okstindbreen, northern Norway: An integrated approach. Quaternary Science Reviews29: 1246–1262.
13.
BakkeJLieONesjeA. (2005c) Utilizing physical sediment variability in glacier-fed lakes for continuous glacier reconstructions during the Holocene, northern Folgefonna, western Norway. The Holocene15: 161–176.
14.
BakkeJTrachselMKvisvikBC. (2013) Numerical analyses of a multi-proxy data set from a distal glacier-fed lake, Sorsendalsvatn, western Norway. Quaternary Science Reviews73: 182–195.
15.
BalascioNLBradleyRS (2012) Evaluating Holocene climate change in northern Norway using sediment records from two contrasting lake systems. Journal of Paleolimnology48: 259–273.
16.
BallantyneCK (1990) The Holocene glacial history of Lyngshalvøya, northern Norway: Chronology and climatic implications. Boreas19: 93–117.
BeierleBDLamoureuxSFCockburnJMH. (2002) A new method for visualizing sediment particle size distributions. Journal of Paleolimnology27: 279–283.
19.
BennDEvansDJ (2010) Glaciers and Glaciation. 3rd Edition.Routledge.
20.
BennDILehmkuhlF (2000) Mass balance and equilibrium-line altitudes of glaciers in high-mountain environments. Quaternary International 65–66: 15–29.
21.
BergströmE (1973) Den Preresenta lokalglaciationens utbredningshistoria inom Skanderna. Universitetet i Stockholm Naturgeografiske Institutionen, 216.
22.
BerntssonARosqvistGCVelleG (2014) Late-Holocene temperature and precipitation changes in Vindelfjällen, mid-western Swedish Lapland, inferred from chironomid and geochemical data. The Holocene24: 78–92.
23.
BerntssonAJanssonKNKylanderME. (2015) Late Holocene high precipitation events recorded in lake sediments and catchment geomorphology, Lake Vuoksjávrátje, NW Sweden. Boreas44: 676–692.
24.
BjuneAEBakkeJNesjeA. (2005) Holocene meanJulytemperature and winter precipitation in western Norway inferred from palynological and glaciological lake-sediment proxies. Holocene15: 177–189.
25.
BlaauwM (2010) Methods and code for ‘classical’ age-modelling of radiocarbon sequences. Quaternary Geochronology5: 512–518.
26.
BlottSJPyeK (2001) GRADISTAT: A grain size distribution and statistics package for the analysis of unconsolidated sediments. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms26: 1237–1248.
27.
BøeAGDahlSOLieØ. (2006) Holocene river floods in the upper Glomma catchment, southern Norway: A high-resolution multiproxy record from lacustrine sediments. The Holocene16: 445–455.
28.
ChurchMRyderJM (1972) Paraglacial sedimentation: A consideration of fluvial processes conditioned by glaciation. Geological Society of America Bulletin83: 3059–3072.
29.
ClemmensenLBHansenKWTKroonA (2014) Storminess variation at Skagen, northern Denmark since AD 1860: Relations to climate change and implications for coastal dunes. Aeolian Research15: 101–112.
30.
CroudaceIWRindbyARothwellRG (2006) ITRAX: Description and evaluation of a new multi-function X-ray core scanner. In: RothwellRG (ed.) New Techniques in Sediment Core Analysis. London: Geological Society.
31.
DahlSONesjeA (1992) Paleoclimatic implications based on equilibrium-line altitude depressions of reconstructed Younger Dryas and Holocene cirque glaciers in inner Nordfjord, western Norway. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology94: 87–97.
32.
DahlSONesjeA (1994) Holocene glacier fluctuations at Hardangerjøkulen, central-southern Norway: A high-resolution composite chronology from lacustrine and terrestrial deposits. The Holocene4: 269–277.
33.
DahlSONesjeA (1996) A new approach to calculating Holocene winter precipitation by combining glacier equilibrium-line altitudes and pine-tree limits: A case study from Hardangerjøkulen, central southern Norway. The Holocene6: 381–398.
34.
DahlSONesjeAØvstedalJ (1997) Cirque glaciers as morphological evidence for a thin Younger Dryas ice sheet in east-central southern Norway. Boreas26: 161–180.
35.
DahlSOBakkeJLieO. (2003) Reconstruction of former glacier equilibrium-line altitudes based on proglacial sites: An evaluation of approaches and selection of sites. Quaternary Science Reviews22: 275–287.
36.
DahlSONesjeALieO. (2002) Timing, equilibrium-line altitudes and climatic implications of two early-Holocene glacier readvances during the Erdalen Event at Jostedalsbreen, western Norway. The Holocene12: 17–25.
37.
De JongRBjörckSBjörkmanL. (2006) Storminess variation during the last 6500 years as reconstructed from an ombrotrophic peat bog in Halland, southwest Sweden. Journal of Quaternary Science21: 905–919.
38.
De JongRHammarlundDNesjeA (2009) Late Holocene effective precipitation variations in the maritime regions of south-west Scandinavia. Quaternary Science Reviews28: 54–64.
39.
DeanWE (1974) Determination of carbonate and organic-matter in calcareous sediments and sedimentary-rocks by loss on ignition – Comparison with other methods. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology44: 242–248.
40.
Det Norske Meteorologiske Institutt (DNMI) (2015) Data from the Norwegian Meteorological Institute. Oslo: DNMI. Available at: http://eklima.met.no/.
41.
DiodatoNStørenEWNBellocchiG. (2013) Modelling sediment load in a glacial meltwater stream in western Norway. Journal of Hydrology486: 343–350.
42.
FurbishDJAndrewsJT (1984) The use of hypsometry to indicate long-term stability and response of valley glaciers to changes in mass-transfer. Journal of Glaciology30: 199–211.
43.
GriffeyNJWorsleyP (1978) The pattern of neoglacial glacier variations in the Okstindan region of northern Norway during the last three millennia. Boreas7: 1–17.
44.
GroveJM (1988) The Little Ice Age. London: Methuen.
45.
GruddH (2008) Torneträsk tree-ring width and density AD 500–2004: A test of climatic sensitivity and a new 1500-year reconstruction of north Fennoscandian summers. Climate Dynamics31: 843–857.
46.
HaakensenN (1989) Akkumulasjon på breene i Norge vinteren 1988–89. Meddelelse fra Hydrologisk avdeling91–94.
47.
HurrellJW (1995) Decadal trends in the North Atlantic Oscillation: Regional temperatures and precipitation. Science269: 676.
48.
HurrellJWKushnirYOttersenG. (2003) An overview of the north Atlantic oscillation. In: HurrellJWKushnirYOttersenG. (eds) The North Atlantic Oscillation: Climate Significance and Environmental Impact. Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union, pp. 1–35.
49.
ImhofPNesjeANussbaumerSU (2012) Climate and glacier fluctuations at Jostedalsbreen and Folgefonna, southwestern Norway and in the western Alps from the ‘Little Ice Age’ until the present: The influence of the North Atlantic Oscillation. The Holocene22: 235–247.
50.
InnesJL (1986) Dating exposed rock surfaces in the Arctic by lichenometry: The problem of thallus circularity and its effect on measurement errors. Arctic39: 253–259.
51.
JansenHLSimonsenJRDahlSO. (in press) Holocene glacier and climate fluctuations of the maritime ice cap Høgtuvbreen, northern Norway. The Holocene.
52.
KarlénW (1976) Lacustrine sediments and tree-limit variation as indicator of Holocene climatic fluctuation in Lappland, northern Sweden. Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography58: 1–34.
53.
KarlénW (1979) Glacier variations in the Svartisen area, northern Norway. Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical geography61: 11–28.
54.
KarlénW (1981) Lacustrine sediment studies. A technique to obtain a continuous record of Holocene glacier variations. Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography63: 273–281.
55.
KernZLászlóP (2010) Size specific steady-state accumulation-area ratio: An improvement for equilibrium-line estimation of small palaeoglaciers. Quaternary Science Reviews29: 2781–2787.
56.
KinnardCZdanowiczCMFisherDA. (2011) Reconstructed changes in Arctic sea ice over the past 1,450 years. Nature479: 509–512.
57.
KuhnM (1995) The mass balance of very small glaciers. Zeitschrift für Gletscherkunde und Glazialgeologie31: 171–179.
58.
KulttiSMikkolaKVirtanenjT. (2006) Past changes in the Scots pine forest line and climate in Finnish Lapland: A study based on megafossils, lake sediments, and GIS-based vegetation and climate data. The Holocene16: 381–391.
LeemannANiessenF (1994a) Holocene glacial activity and climatic variations in the Swiss Alps: Reconstructing a continuous record from proglacial lake sediments. The Holocene4: 259–268.
61.
LeemannANiessenF (1994b) Varve formation and the climatic record in an Alpine proglacial lake: Calibrating annually-laminated sediments against hydrological and meteorological data. The Holocene4: 1–8.
62.
LeonardEM (1997) The relationship between glacial activity and sediment production: Evidence from a 4450-year varve record of neoglacial sedimentation in Hector Lake, Alberta, Canada. Journal of Paleolimnology17: 319–330.
63.
LieØDahlSONesjeA (2003a) A theoretical approach to glacier equilibrium-line altitudes using meteorological data and glacier mass-balance records from southern Norway. The Holocene13: 365–372.
64.
LieØDahlSONesjeA (2003b) Theoretical equilibrium-line altitudes and glacier buildup sensitivity in southern Norway based on meteorological data in a geographical information system. The Holocene13: 373–380.
65.
LiestølO (1967) Storbreen glacier in Jotunheimen, Norway, Skrifter 141. Oslo: Norsk Polar-institutt, 63 pp.
66.
LoaderNYoungGGruddH. (2013) Stable carbon isotopes from Torneträsk, northern Sweden provide a millennial length reconstruction of summer sunshine and its relationship to Arctic circulation. Quaternary Science Reviews62: 97–113.
67.
MannMEZhangZRutherfordS. (2009) Global signatures and dynamical origins of the Little Ice Age and Medieval Climate Anomaly. Science326: 1256–1260.
68.
MatthewsJA (1975) Experiments on the reproducibility and reliability of lichenometric dates, Storbreen gletschervorfeld, Jotunheimen, Norway. Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift29: 97–109.
69.
MatthewsJA (1994) Lichenometric dating. A review with particular reference to ‘Little Ice Age’ moraines in southern Norway. In: BeckC (ed.) Dating in Exposed and Surface Contexts. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press, pp. 185–212.
70.
MatthewsJA (2005) ‘Little Ice Age’ glacier variations in Jotunheimen, southern Norway: A study in regionally controlled lichenometric dating of recessional moraines with implications for climate and lichen growth rates. Holocene15: 1–19.
71.
MatthewsJADresserPQ (2008) Holocene glacier variation chronology of the Smørstabbtindan massif, Jotunheimen, southern Norway, and the recognition of century-to millennial-scale European Neoglacial Events. The Holocene18: 181–201.
72.
MatthewsJABerrisfordMSDresserPQ. (2005) Holocene glacier history of Bjørnbreen and climatic reconstruction in central Jotunheimen, Norway, based on proximal glaciofluvial stream-bank mires. Quaternary Science Reviews24: 67–90.
73.
MatthewsJADahlSONesjeA. (2000) Holocene glacier variations in central Jotunheimen, southern Norway based on distal glaciolacustrine sediment cores. Quaternary Science Reviews19: 1625–1647.
74.
MatullaCSchönerWAlexanderssonH. (2008) European storminess: Late nineteenth century to present. Climate Dynamics31: 125–130.
75.
MøllerJJSollidJL (1972) Deglaciation chronology of Lofoten–Vesterålen–Ofoten, north Norway. Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift26: 101–133.
76.
NesjeA (1992) A piston corer for lacustrine and marine-sediments. Arctic and Alpine Research24: 257–259.
77.
NesjeA (2009) Latest Pleistocene and Holocene alpine glacier fluctuations in Scandinavia. Quaternary Science Reviews28: 2119–2136.
78.
NesjeADahlSO (2003) The ‘Little Ice Age’ – Only temperature?The Holocene13: 139–145.
79.
NesjeAMatthewsJA (2012) The Briksdalsbre Event: A winter precipitation-induced decadal-scale glacial advance in southern Norway in the ad 1990s and its implications. The Holocene22: 249–261.
80.
NesjeALieØDahlSO (2000b) Is the North Atlantic Oscillation reflected in Scandinavian glacier mass balance records?Journal of Quaternary Science15: 587–601.
81.
NesjeABakkeJDahlSO. (2008) Norwegian mountain glaciers in the past, present and future. Global and Planetary Change60: 10–27.
82.
NesjeABjuneAEBakkeJ. (2006) Holocene palaeoclimate reconstructions at Vanndalsvatnet, western Norway, with particular reference to the 8200 cal. yr BP event. The Holocene16: 717–729.
83.
NesjeADahlSOAnderssonC. (2000a) The lacustrine sedimentary sequence in Sygneskardvatnet, western Norway: A continuous, high-resolution record of the Jostedalsbreen ice cap during the Holocene. Quaternary Science Reviews19: 1047–1065.
84.
NesjeADahlSOMatthewsJA. (2001) A similar to 4500 yr record of river floods obtained from a sediment core in Lake Atnsjoen, eastern Norway. Journal of Paleolimnology25: 329–342.
85.
NesjeAKvammeMRyeN. (1991) Holocene glacial and climate history of the Jostedalsbreen region, western Norway – Evidence from lake-sediments and terrestrial deposits. Quaternary Science Reviews10: 87–114.
86.
NordliOLieØNesjeA. (2005) Glacier mass balance in southern Norway modelled by circulation indices and spring-summer temperatures AD 1781–2000. Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography87A: 431–445.
87.
NussbaumerSUNesjeAZumbühlHJ (2011) Historical glacier fluctuations of Jostedalsbreen and Folgefonna (southern Norway) reassessed by new pictorial and written evidence. The Holocene21: 455–471.
88.
OerlemansJ (2005) Extracting a climate signal from 169 glacier records. Science308: 675–677.
89.
OlsenJAndersonNJKnudsenMF (2012) Variability of the North Atlantic Oscillation over the past 5,200 years. Nature Geoscience5: 808–812.
90.
OsbornGMcCarthyDLaBrieA. (2015) Lichenometric dating: Science or pseudo-science?Quaternary Research83: 1–12.
91.
OsmastonH (2005) Estimates of glacier equilibrium line altitudes by the Area × Altitude, the Area × Altitude Balance Ratio and the Area × Altitude Balance Index methods and their validation. Quaternary International138: 22–31.
92.
PaascheØDahlSOBakkeJ. (2007) Cirque glacier activity in arctic Norway during the last deglaciation. Quaternary Research68: 387–399.
93.
PaillardDLabeyrieLYiouP (1996) Macintosh program performs time-series analysis. EOS, Transactions American Geophysical Union77: 379.
94.
PintoJGRaibleCC (2012) Past and recent changes in the North Atlantic oscillation. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change3: 79–90.
95.
PorterSC (1975) Equilibrium-line altitudes of late Quaternary glaciers in the Southern Alps, New Zealand. Quaternary Research5: 27–47.
96.
RaibleCCYoshimoriMStockerTF. (2007) Extreme midlatitude cyclones and their implications for precipitation and wind speed extremes in simulations of the Maunder Minimum versus present day conditions. Climate Dynamics28: 409–423.
97.
RaperSCBraithwaiteRJ (2009) Glacier volume response time and its links to climate and topography based on a conceptual model of glacier hypsometry. The Cryosphere3: 183–194.
98.
ReaBR (2009) Defining modern day Area-Altitude Balance Ratios (AABRs) and their use in glacier-climate reconstructions. Quaternary Science Reviews28: 237–248.
99.
ReimerPJBardEBaylissA. (2013) IntCal13 and Marine13 radiocarbon age calibration curves 0–50,000 years cal BP. Radiocarbon55: 1869–1887.
100.
RigorIGWallaceJMColonyRL (2002) Response of sea ice to the Arctic Oscillation. Journal of Climate15: 2648–2663.
101.
RogersJMcHughM (2002) On the separability of the North Atlantic oscillation and Arctic oscillation. Climate Dynamics19: 599–608.
102.
RosqvistGCLengMJGoslarT. (2013) Shifts in precipitation during the last millennium in northern Scandinavia from lacustrine isotope records. Quaternary Science Reviews66: 22–34.
103.
RøtheTOBakkeJVasskogK. (2015) Arctic Holocene glacier fluctuations reconstructed from lake sediments at Mitrahalvøya, Spitsbergen. Quaternary Science Reviews109: 111–125.
104.
RubensdotterLRosqvistG (2003) The effect of geomorphological setting on Holocene lake sediment variability, northern Swedish Lapland. Journal of Quaternary Science18: 757–767.
105.
RubensdotterLRosqvistG (2009) Influence of geomorphological setting, fluvial-, glaciofluvial-and mass-movement processes on sedimentation in alpine lakes. The Holocene19: 665–678.
106.
SeierstadIABaderJ (2009) Impact of a projected future Arctic sea ice reduction on extratropical storminess and the NAO. Climate Dynamics33: 937–943.
107.
SeierstadJNesjeADahlSO. (2002) Holocene glacier fluctuations of Grovabreen and Holocene snow-avalanche activity reconstructed from lake sediments in Grøningstølsvatnet, western Norway. The Holocene12: 211–222.
108.
SeppäHBirksHJB (2002) Holocene climate reconstructions from the Fennoscandian tree-line area based on pollen data from Toskaljavri. Quaternary Research57: 191–199.
109.
SimonneauAChapronEVanniereB. (2013) Mass-movement and flood-induced deposits in Lake Ledro, southern Alps, Italy: Implications for Holocene palaeohydrology and natural hazards. Climate of the Past9: 825–840.
110.
SissonsJB (1979) Palaeoclimatic inferences from former glaciers in Scotland and the Lake District. Nature278: 518–521.
111.
SnowballISandgrenP (1996) Lake sediment studies of Holocene glacial activity in the Karsa valley, northern Sweden: Contrasts in interpretation. The Holocene6: 367–372.
112.
StørenENDahlSOLieØ (2008) Separation of late-Holocene episodic paraglacial events and glacier fluctuations in eastern Jotunheimen, central southern Norway. The Holocene18: 1179–1191.
113.
StørenENDahlSONesjeA. (2010) Identifying the sedimentary imprint of high-frequency Holocene river floods in lake sediments: Development and application of a new method. Quaternary Science Reviews29: 3021–3033.
114.
ThompsonDWJWallaceJM (1998) The Arctic Oscillation signature in the wintertime geopotential height and temperature fields. Geophysical Research Letters25: 1297–1300.
115.
TrachselMNesjeA (2015) Modelling annual mass balances of eight Scandinavian glaciers using statistical models. The Cryosphere Discussions9: 383–415.
116.
TrenbirthHEMatthewsJA (2010) Lichen growth rates on glacier forlands in southern Norway: Preliminary results from a 25-year monitoring programme. Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography92: 19–39.
117.
TrouetVEsperJGrahamNE. (2009) Persistent positive North Atlantic Oscillation mode dominated the medieval climate anomaly. Science324: 78–80.
118.
TrouetVScourseJDRaibleCC (2012) North Atlantic storminess and Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation during the last Millennium: Reconciling contradictory proxy records of NAO variability. Global and Planetary Change84: 48–55.
119.
TvetenE (1978) Geologisk kart over Norge: berggrunnskart1:250,000. Trondheim: Norges geologiske undersokelse.
120.
Van Vliet-LanoëBPenaudAHénaffA. (2014) Middle-to late-Holocene storminess in Brittany (NW France): Part II – The chronology of events and climate forcing. The Holocene24: 434–453.
121.
VasskogKNesjeAStørenEN. (2011) A Holocene record of snow-avalanche and flood activity reconstructed from a lacustrine sedimentary sequence in Oldevatnet, western Norway. The Holocene21: 597–614.
122.
VasskogKPaascheØNesjeA. (2012) A new approach for reconstructing glacier variability based on lake sediments recording input from more than one glacier. Quaternary Research77: 192–204.
123.
VorrenKDJensenCENilssenE (2012) Climate changes during the last c. 7500 years as recorded by the degree of peat humification in the Lofoten region, Norway. Boreas41: 13–30.
124.
WallaceJM (2000) North Atlantic oscillatiodannular mode: Two paradigms – One phenomenon. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society126: 791–805.
125.
WangXLZwiersFWSwailVR. (2009) Trends and variability of storminess in the Northeast Atlantic region, 1874–2007. Climate Dynamics33: 1179–1195.
126.
WannerHBeerJButikoferJ. (2008) Mid- to Late Holocene climate change: An overview. Quaternary Science Reviews27: 1791–1828.
127.
WinklerS (2003) A new interpretation of the date of the ‘Little Ice Age’ glacier maximum at Svartisen and Okstindan, northern Norway. Holocene13: 83–95.
128.
WinklerSElvehøyHNesjeA (2009) Glacier fluctuations of Jostedalsbreen, western Norway, during the past 20 years: The sensitive response of maritime mountain glaciers. Holocene19: 395–414.
129.
WittmeierHEBakkeJVasskogK. (2015) Reconstructing Holocene glacier activity at Langfjordjøkelen, Arctic Norway, using multi-proxy fingerprinting of distal glacier-fed lake sediments. Quaternary Science Reviews114: 78–99.
130.
YoungGHFMcCarrollDLoaderNJ. (2012) Changes in atmospheric circulation and the Arctic Oscillation preserved within a millennial length reconstruction of summer cloud cover from northern Fennoscandia. Climate Dynamics39: 495–507.
