New radiocarbon dates from bones of the wild boar (Sus scrofa) found in archaeological contexts in Finland indicate the presence of the species in Southern Finland c. 9000–8000 cal. BP, that is, before the Holocene thermal optimum. However, the number of wild boar was never large enough to support a permanent population. Reasons for the scarcity of wild boars even during the warmer periods may have been the thick snow cover, the growing human population near the distribution route, as well as hunting.
Aaris-SørensenK (1978) Knoglematerialet fra den mellanneolitiske boplads ved Kornäs. Rapport 1978:8. Stockholm: Riksantikvarieämbetet och Statens Historiska Museer.
2.
Aaris-SørensenK (1998) Danmarks forhistoriske Dyreverden. København: Gyldendal.
3.
Aaris-SørensenK (2009) Diversity and dynamics of the mammalian fauna in Denmark throughout the last glacial–interglacial cycle, 115–0 kyr BP. Fossils and Strata57: 1–59.
4.
AilioJ (1909) Die Steinzeitlichen Wohnplatsfunde in Finland. Helsingfors: Finnische Altertumsgesellschaft.
5.
AlbarellaU (2010) The wild boar. In: O’ConnorTSykesN (eds) Extinctions and Invasions: A Social History of British Fauna. Oxford: Windgather Press, pp. 59–67.
6.
AlbarellaUDobneyKRowley-ConwyP (2009) Size and shape of the Eurasian wild boar (Sus scrofa), with a view to the reconstruction of its Holocene history. Environmental Archaeology14: 103–136.
7.
AndersenRHerfindalISætherB-E. (2004) When range expansion rate is faster in marginal habitats. Oikos107: 210–214.
8.
BläuerAKantanenJ (2013) Transition from hunting to animal husbandry in Southern, Western and eastern Finland: New dated osteological evidence. Journal of Archaeological Science49: 1646–1666.
9.
BranchTALoboASPurcellSW (2013) Opportunistic exploitation: An overlooked pathway to extinction. Trends in Ecology & Evolution28: 409–413.
10.
BriedermannL (1986) Schwartzwild. Berlin: VEB Deutscher Landwirtschaftsverlag.
11.
CrampLEvershedRLaventoM. (2014) Neolithic dairy farming at the extreme of agriculture in northern Europe. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences281: 1–9.
DuringE (1986) The Fauna of Alvastra: An Osteological Analysis of Animal Bones from a Neolithic Pile Dwelling (OSSA, vol. 12, supplement 1). Solna: Osteological Research Laboratory, University of Stockholm.
14.
EkmanJIregrenE (1983) Archaeo-zoological investigations in northern Sweden. Early Norrland8: 1–99.
15.
ErkinaroEHeikuraKLindgrenE. (1982) Occurrence and spread of the wild boar (Sus scrofa) in eastern Fennoscandia. Memoranda Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica58: 39–47.
16.
EvinACucchiTCardinA. (2012) The long and winding road: Identifying pig domestication through molar size and shape. Journal of Archaeological Science40: 735–743.
17.
FonsecaC (2008) Winter habitat selection by wild boar Sus scrofa in southeastern Poland. European Journal of Wildlife Research54: 361–366.
18.
HeikkiläM (2010) Postglacial Climate Changes and Vegetation Responses in Northern Europe. Helsinki: Helsinki University Press.
19.
HeikkiläMSeppäH (2003) A 11,000 yr palaeotemperature reconstruction from the southern boreal zone in Finland. Quaternary Science Reviews22: 541–554.
20.
HondaT (2009) Environmental factors affecting the distribution of the wild boar, sika deer, Asiatic black bear and Japanese macaque in central Japan, with implications for human-wildlife conflict. Mammal Study34: 107–116.
21.
JanssonGMånssonJMagnussonM (2010) Hur många vildsvin finns det?Svensk Jakt4: 86–87.
22.
KalelaO (1948) Metsäkauriin esiintymisestä maassamme ja sen levinneisyyden muutoksista lähialueilla. Suomen Riista3: 34–56.
Krause-KyoraBMakarewiczCEvinA. (2013) Use of domesticated pigs by Mesolithic hunter-gatherers in northwestern Europe. Nature Communications4: 2348.
25.
LantingJAerts-BijmaATvan der PlichtJ (2001) Dating of cremated bones. Radiocarbon43: 249–254.
26.
Large Herbivore Network (2013) Wild boar – Sus scrofa. Available at: www.lhnet.org/wild-boar (accessed 8 March 2013).
27.
LemelJTruvéJ (2008) Vildsvin, jakt och förvaltning. Raport 04/2008. Göteborg: Svensk Naturförvaltning.
28.
LepiksaarJ (1986) The Holocene history of theriofauna in Fennoscandia and Baltic countries. Striae24: 51–70.
29.
LeskinenSPesonenP (2008) Vantaan esihistoria, vol. 24. Keuruu: Otava, pp. 51–70.
30.
LiljegrenREkströmJ (1996) The terrestrial Late Glacial fauna in south Sweden. In:LarssonL (ed.) The Earliest Settlement of Scandinavia and Its Relationship with Neighbouring Areas (Acta Archaeologica Lundensia in Series 8, no. 24). Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International, pp. 135–139.
31.
LõugasL (1997) Post-Glacial Development of Vertebrate Fauna in Estonian Water Bodies: A Palaeozoological Study (Dissertationes Biologicae Universitatis Tartuensis, vol. 32). Tartu: Tartu University Press.
32.
LõugasL (2008) Mõnedest mesoliitilistest faunakompleksidest Läänemere idakaldalt. Muinasaja teadus17: 253–260.
33.
LõugasLTomekT (2013) Marginal effect at the coastal area of Tallinn Bay: The marine, terrestrial, and avian fauna as a source of subsistence during the Late Neolithic. Muinasaja teadus19: 463–485.
34.
LõugasLKriiskaAMaldreL (2007) New dates for the Late Neolithic Corded Ware Culture burials and early husbandry in the East Baltic region. Archaeofauna16: 21–31.
35.
LõugasLLidénKNelsonD (1996) Resource Utilisation along the Estonian Coast during the Stone Age. In: HackensTHicksSLangV. (eds) Coastal Estonia: Recent Advances in Environmental and Cultural History, vol. 51. Rixensart: PACT, pp. 399–420.
36.
LouysJ (2008) Quaternary extinctions in Southeast Asia. In: ElewaAMT (ed.) Mass Extinction. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, pp. 159–189.
37.
LovariSHerreroJConroyJ. (2008) Capreolus capreolus. IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. Available at: www.iucnredlist.org (accessed 9 December 2013).
38.
MagnellO (2006) Tracking Wild Boar and Hunters: Osteology of Wild Boar in Mesolithic South Scandinavia (Acta Archaeologica Lundensia in Series 8, no. 51; Studies in Osteology, vol. 1). Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International.
MannermaaKDeckwirthV (2010) Suomen varhaisin karjatalous: tutkimuksen nykytila ja ongelmat. In: HirvilammiJ (ed.) Varhainen viljely Suomessa. Loimaa: Suomen maatalousmuseo Sarka, pp. 54–81.
41.
MarkovNI (1997) Population dynamics of wild boar, Sus scrofa, in Sverdlovsk oblast and its relation to climatic factors. Russian Journal of Ecology28: 269–274.
42.
MartinPS (1984) Prehistoric overkill: The Global Model. In: MartinPSKleinRG (eds) Quaternary Extinctions: A Prehistoric Revolution. Tucson, AZ: The University of Arizona Press, pp. 354–403.
43.
MatiskainenH (1989) The paleoenvironment of Askola, Southern Finland. Mesolithic settlement and subsistence 10000–6000 b.p. Iskos8: 1–97.
44.
MelisCSzafrańskaPAJędrzejewskaB. (2006) Biogeographical variation in the population density of wild boar (Sus scrofa) in western Eurasia. Journal of Biogeography33: 803–811.
45.
MikkelsenEBallinTBHufthammerAK (1999) Tørkop. A Boreal settlement in southeastern Norway. Acta Archaeologica70: 25–57.
46.
NummiP (1988) The non-indigenous game animals of Finland. Reports 9. Helsinki: Department of Agricultural and Forest Zoology, University of Helsinki.
47.
NummiP (1996) Wildlife introductions to mammal-deficient areas: The Nordic countries. Wildlife Biology2: 221–226.
48.
NummiPVäänänenV-M (2013) Villisika – laittomasti lainsuojaton? In: NummiPVäänänenV-M (eds) Suomalainen riistanhoito. Porvoo: Metsäkustannus Oy, pp. 145–146.
49.
OliverWLeusK (2008) Sus scrofa. IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. Available at: www.iucnredlist.org (accessed 9 December 2013).
50.
PaaverK (1965) Раавер КЛ Формирование териофауны и изменчивось ьлекоптающих Прибалтики в голоцене. Formirovanie teriofauny i izmencivost’ mlekopitajuscich Pribaltiki v holocene [Zusammenfassung: Die Entstehung der Saugertierfauna und Variabilität der Saugetiere des Ostbaltikums im Holozän]. Тарту [Tartu]: Estonian Academy of Sciences.
51.
RosvoldJHalleyDJHufthammerAK. (2010) The rise and fall of wild boar in a northern environment: Evidence from stable isotopes and subfossil finds. The Holocene20: 1113–1121.
52.
Rowley-ConwyPAlbarellaUDobneyK (2012) Distinguishing wild boar from domestic pigs in prehistory: A review of approaches and recent results. Journal of World Prehistory25: 1–44.
53.
SørensenLKargS (2012) The expansion of agrarian societies towards the north. New evidence for agriculture during the Mesolithic/Neolithic transition in southern Scandinavia. Journal of Archaeological Science. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2012.08.042.
54.
StoråJ (2000) Sealing and animal husbandry in the Ålandic middle and late Neolithic. Fennoscandia ArchaeologicaXVI: 57–81.
TallavaaraMSeppäH (2011) Did the mid-Holocene environmental changes cause the boom and bust of hunter-gatherer population size in eastern Fennoscandia?The Holocene22: 215–225.
57.
TallavaaraMPesonenPOinonenM (2010) Prehistoric population history in eastern Fennoscandia. Journal of Archaeological Science37: 251–260.
58.
ThurfjellHBallJPÅhlenPA. (2009) Habitat use and spatial patterns of wild boar Sus scrofa, (L.): Agricultural fields and edges. European Journal of Wildlife Research55: 517–523.
59.
TruvéJLemelJ (2003) Timing and distance of natal dispersal for wild boar Sus scrofa in Sweden. Wildlife Biology9: 51–57.
60.
UkkonenP (1993) The post-glacial history of the Finnish mammalian fauna. Annales Zoologici Fennici30: 249–264.
61.
UkkonenP (2001) Shaped by the Ice Age. Reconstructing the history of mammals in Finland during the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene. Academic Dissertation, Division of Geology and Palaeontology, Department of Ecology and Systematics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki.
62.
VereshchaginNKRusakovOS (1979) Kopytnye severo-zapada SSSR [Ungulates of North-Western USSR]. Leningrad: Nauka.