Many hunter-gatherer-cultivators, including Indigenous Australians, intentionally manipulated their environments via three broad processes — inclusions (plant and animal translocations), exclusions (quarantining of certain plants and animals) and transitions (in situ change of biotas, landforms and hydrologies, often through fire). These environmental changes resulted in deliberately and strategically `constructed landscapes' that not only supported societies but also established new contexts and conditions for cultural change. The structured and structuring nature of constructed landscapes is explored across the islands of Torres Strait of northeast Australia during the mid to late Holocene. Torres Strait Islanders deliberately imported and established the dog (dingo) while actively ensuring that cuscuses, cassowaries and pigs imported from New Guinea never produced viable populations on islands. Floral resources of islands were augmented by introducing a range of food crop staples and raw material plants through long-established contacts with peoples from New Guinea and more recent contacts with outsiders during the colonial era. Fire was a key tool of in situ vegetation change resulting in forest clearance and lowland sedimentation. These terrestrial activities supported, maintained and in some cases entrenched specialized marine lifeways in the region. In many respects, Torres Strait Islanders engineered the deterministic qualities of their own environment.
Abbott, I.1980: Aboriginal Man as an exterminator of wallaby and kangaroo populations on islands round Australia. Oecologia44, 347-54.
2.
Allen, J. and O'Connell, J.F.2003: The long and the short of it: archaeological approaches to determining when humans first colonized Australia and New Guinea. Australian Archaeology57, 5-19.
3.
Anderson, E.1952: Plants, man, and life. University of California Press.
4.
Anonymous1979: The Torres Strait Treaty: report and appendixes. Australian Government Publishing Service.
5.
Ash, J. and David, B.2008: Mua 22: archaeology at the old village site of Totalai . In David, B., Tomsana, D. and Quinnell, M., editors, Gelam's homeland: cultural and natural history on the island of Mua, Torres Strait. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, Cultural Heritage Series, 4(2).
6.
Athens, J.S., Tuggle, H.D., Ward, J.V. and Welch, D.J.2002: Avifaunal extinctions, vegetation change, and Polynesian impacts in prehistoric Hawai'i. Archaeology in Oceania37, 57-78.
7.
Bampton, W.1793: Journal of Captain William Bampton, Ship Shaw Hormuzear towards Batavia, May to Septr 1793 in company with Chesterfield whaler. National Library of Australia, Canberra .
8.
Barham, A.J.1999: The local environmental impact of prehistoric populations on Saibai Island, northern Torres Strait, Australia: enigmatic evidence from Holocene swamp lithostratigraphic records. Quaternary International59, 71-105.
9.
--- 2000: Late Holocene maritime societies in the Torres Strait Islands, northern Australia - cultural arrival or cultural emergence? In O'Connor, S. and Veth, P., editors, East of Wallace's Line: studies of past and present maritime cultures of the Indo-Pacific region. Modern Quaternary Research in Southeast Asia Volume 16. A.A. Balkema, 223-314.
10.
Barham, A.J. and Harris, D.R.1985: Relict field systems in the Torres Strait region . In Farrington, I.S., editor, Prehistoric intensive agriculture in the tropics. BAR International Series 232, 247-83.
11.
--- 1987: Archaeological and palaeoenvironmental investigations in Western Torres Strait, Northern Australia.Final report to the Research and Exploration Committee of the National Geographic Society on `The Torres Strait Research Project, Part IIB: July-October 1985' . Unpublished.
12.
Barham, A.J., Rowland, M.J. and Hitchcock, G.2004: Torres Strait Bepotaim: an overview of archaeological and ethnoarchaeological investigations and research. In McNiven, I.J. and Quinnell, M., editors, Torres Strait: archaeology and material culture . Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, Cultural Heritage Series , 3(1), 1-72.
13.
Barton, C.M., Bernabeu, J., Aura, J.M., Garcia, O., Schmich, S. and Molina, L.2004: Long-term socioecology and contingent landscapes . Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory11, 253-95.
14.
Bay-Petersen, J.1983: Competition for resources: the role of pig and dog in the Polynesian agricultural economy. Journal de la Société des Océanistes77, 121-29.
15.
Bean, A.R.2007: A new system for determining which plant species are indigenous in Australia. Australian Systematic Botany20, 1-43.
16.
Beckett, J.1972: The Torres Strait Islanders. In Walker, D., editor, Bridge and barrier: the natural and cultural history of Torres Strait. ANU Press , 307-26.
17.
--- 1987: Torres Strait Islanders. Cambridge University Press.
18.
Bird, D.W., Bliege Bird, R. and Parker, C.H.2005: Aboriginal burning regimes and hunting strategies in Australia's Western Desert. Human Ecology33, 443-64.
19.
Bowman, D.M.J.S.1998: Tansley review no. 101: the impact of Aboriginal landscape burning on the Australian biota. New Phytologist140, 385-410.
20.
Brady, L.2005: Painting patterns: Torres Strait region rock-art, NE Australia. Unpublished PhD thesis, Monash University .
21.
Brady, M.2002: Historical and cultural roots of tobacco use among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health26, 120-24.
22.
Brockway, L.H.1979: Science and colonial expansions: the role of the British Royal Botanic Gardens. American Ethnologist6, 449-65.
23.
Builth, H.2006: Gunditjmara environmental management: the development of a fisher-gatherer-hunter society in temperate Australia. In Grier, C., Kim, J. and Uchiyama, J., editors, Beyond affluent foragers: rethinking hunter-gatherer complexity. Oxbow, 4-23.
24.
Burbidge, A.A. and Manly, B.F.J.2002: Mammal extinctions on Australian islands: causes and conservation implications. Journal of Biogeography29, 465-73.
25.
Carter, M.2002: Recent results of excavations on the Murray Islands, Eastern Torres Strait and implications for early links with New Guinea: bridge and barrier revisited. In Ulm, S., Westcott, C., Reid, J. , Ross, A., Lilley, I., Prangnell, J. and Kirkwood, L., editors, Barriers, borders, boundaries. Proceedings of the 2001 Australian Archaeological Association Annual Conference. Tempus 7. Anthropology Museum, The University of Queensland, 1-10.
26.
--- 2004: North of the Cape and south of the Fly: the archaeology of settlement and subsistence on the Murray Islands, Eastern Torres Strait . Unpublished PhD thesis, James Cook University.
27.
Casey, E.S.1993: Getting back into place: towards a renewed understanding of the place-world. Indiana University Press.
28.
Cosgrove, D.E.1998 (1984): Social formation and symbolic landscape . The University of Wisconsin Press.
29.
Crouch, J., McNiven, I.J., David, B., Rowe, C. and Weisler, M.2007: Berberass: marine resource specialisation and environmental change in Torres Strait during the past 4000 years. Archaeology in Oceania42, 49-64.
30.
Cusack, V.1999: Bamboo world: the growing and use of clumping bamboos . Kangaroo Press.
31.
Daniels, S. and Cosgrove, D.1988: Introduction: iconography and landscape. In Cosgrove, D. and Daniels, S., editors, The iconography of landscape. Cambridge University Press, 1-10.
32.
David, B.2002: Landscapes, rock-art and the Dreaming: an archaeology of preunderstanding. Leicester University Press.
33.
David, B. and Crouch, J.2005: Outline of archaeological research on Badu and nearby islets: 2000-2005. Cultural Heritage Report Series 16. Programme for Australian Indigenous Archaeology, School of Geography and Environmental Science, Monash University.
34.
David, B. and Mura Badulgal Committee2006 : What happened in Torres Strait 400 years ago? Ritual transformations in an island seascape. Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology1, 123-43.
35.
David, B. and Wilson, M., editors 2002: Inscribed landscapes: marking and making place. University of Hawai'i Press.
36.
David, B., McNiven, I., Mitchell, R., Orr, M., Haberle, S., Brady, L. and Crouch, J.2004a: Badu 15 and the Papuan-Austronesian settlement of Torres Strait. Archaeology in Oceania39, 65-78.
37.
David, B., McNiven, I.J., Manas, L., Manas, J., Savage, S., Crouch, J., Neliman, G. and Brady, L.2004b: Goba of Mua: archaeology working with oral tradition . Antiquity78, 158-72.
38.
David, B., McNiven, I.J. and Weisler, W.2008: Archaeological excavations at Gerain and Urakaraltam . In David, B., Tomsana, D. and Quinnell, M., editors, Gelam's homeland: cultural and natural history on the island of Mua, Torres Strait. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, Cultural Heritage Series, 4(2).
39.
Davis, R., editor 2004: Woven histories dancing lives: Torres Strait Islander identity, culture and history. Aboriginal Studies Press.
40.
Denham, T.2006: Envisaging early agriculture in the Highlands of New Guinea . In Lilley, I., editor, Archaeology of Oceania: Australia and the Pacific Islands. Blackwell, 160-88.
41.
Descola, P.1996: Constructing natures: symbolic ecology and social practice . In Descola, P. and Pálsson, G., editors, Nature and society: anthropological perspectives. Routledge, 82-102.
42.
Dickson, C.2000: The decline of woodland in Orkney: early Neolithic to late Iron Age. In Nicholson, R.A. and O'Connor, T.P., editors, People as an agent of environmental change. Oxbow, 37-44.
43.
Done, J.J.E.1987: Wings across the sea. Compiled by B. Stevenson (Daughter). Boolarong.
44.
Draffan, R.D.W., Garnett, S.T. and Malone, G.J.1983: Birds of Torres Strait: an annotated list and biogeographical analysis. The Emu83, 207-34.
45.
Dunnell, R.C.1989: Aspects of the application of evolutionary theory in archaeology . In Lamberg-Karlovsky, C.C. , editor, Archaeological thought in America. Cambridge University Press, 35-49.
46.
Dunning, N., Scarborough, V., Valdez, F., Jr, Luzzandder-Beach, S., Beach, T. and Jones, J.G.1999: Temple mountains, sacred lakes, and fertile fields: ancient Maya landscapes in northwestern Belize. Antiquity73, 650-60.
47.
Ellen, R.1982: Environment, subsistence and system: the ecology of small-scale social formations. Cambridge University Press.
48.
Federal Court of Australia2000: Masig People v State of Queensland [2000] FCA 1067. http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/federal_ct/2000/1067.html
49.
Flannery, T.F.1994: The future eaters. Reed.
50.
Flannery, T.F. and White, J.P.1991: Animal translocation. National Geographic Research and Exploration7, 96-113.
51.
Flinders, M.1814: A voyage to Terra Australis. G. & W. Nicol.
52.
Florek, S.2005: The Torres Strait Islands collection at the Australian Museum. Technical Reports of the Australian Museum19.
53.
Franklin, D.C.2003: Bamboo and the northern Australian connection. Flora Malesiana Bulletin13, 275-77.
54.
Garnett, S.T. and Jackes, B.R.1983: Vegetation of Badu Island, Torres Strait. Queensland Naturalist24, 40-52.
55.
Ghaleb, B.1990: An ethnoarchaeological study of Mabuiag Island, Torres Strait, Northern Australia. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Institute of Archaeology, University College London.
56.
Giddens, A.1984: The constitution of society: outline of the theory of structuration. University of California Press.
57.
Gill, W.W.1874: Notes on New Guinea. The Leisure Hour1197, 775-79.
58.
Giovas, C.M.2006: No pig atoll: island biogeography and the extirpation of a Polynesian domesticate. Asian Perspectives45, 69-95.
59.
Gorecki, P.1992: A Lapita smoke screen? In Galipaud, J.C., editor, Poterie Lapita et Peuplement. ORSTOM, 27-47.
60.
Gosden, C. and Head, L.1994: Landscapes - a usefully ambiguous concept. Archaeology in Oceania29, 113-16.
61.
Grayson, D.K.2001: The archaeological record of human impacts on animal populations . Journal of World Prehistory15, 1-68.
62.
Haarer, A.E.1957: Ropes and rope-making. Oxford University Press.
63.
Haberle, S.G. and Atkin, G.2005: Needles in a haystack: searching for sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) in the fossil pollen record. In Ballard, C., Brown, P. , Bourke, R.M. and Harwood, T., editors, The sweet potato in Oceania: a reappraisal . The University of Sydney, 25-33.
64.
Haddon, A.C.1890: The ethnography of the Western Tribe of Torres Strait . Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland19, 297-440.
65.
--- 1901: Head-hunters: black, white and brown. Methuen.
66.
--- editor 1904: Reports of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits. Vol. V: sociology, magic and religion of the Western Islanders . Cambridge University Press.
67.
-- editor 1908: Reports of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits. Vol. VI: sociology, magic and religion of the Eastern Islanders . Cambridge University Press.
68.
--- editor, 1912: Reports of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits. Vol. IV: arts and crafts. Cambridge University Press.
69.
--- 1935: Reports of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits. Vol. I: general ethnography. Cambridge University Press.
70.
--- 1946: Smoking and tobacco pipes in New Guinea. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Sciences232, 1-278.
71.
Hallam, S.1975: Fire and hearth. Australia Institute of Aboriginal Studies.
72.
Harris, D.R.1977: Subsistence strategies across Torres Strait. In Allen, J., Golson, J. and Jones, R., editors, Sunda and Sahul: prehistoric studies in Southeast Asia, Melanesia and Australia, Academic Press, 421-63.
73.
--- 1978: Gardening and gathering. Australian Natural History19, 207-209.
74.
--- 1979: Foragers and farmers in the western Torres Strait islands: an historical analysis of economic, demographic and spatial differentiation . In Burham, P.C. and Ellen, R.F., editors, Social and economic systems. Academic Press, 75-109.
75.
--- 1995: Early agriculture in New Guinea and the Torres Strait divide. Antiquity69, 848-54.
76.
Harris, D.R., Barham, A.J. and Ghaleb, B.1985: Archaeology and recent palaeoenvironmental history of Torres Strait, Northern Australia. Preliminary Report to the Research and Exploration Committee of the National Geographic Society on `Part IIA of The Torres Strait Research Project July-October 1984'. Unpublished.
77.
Head, L.1986: Palaeoecological contributions to Australian prehistory . Archaeology in Oceania21, 121-29.
78.
--- 1988: Holocene vegetation, fire and environmental history of the Discovery Bay region, south-western Victoria. Australian Journal of Ecology13, 21-49.
79.
--- 1994: Landscapes socialized by fire: post-contact changes in Aboriginal fire use in northern Australia, and implications for prehistory . Archaeology in Oceania29, 172-81.
80.
--- 2000: Second nature: the history and implications of Australia as Aboriginal landscape. Syracuse University Press.
81.
Heinsohn, T.E.2001: Human influences on vertebrate zoogeography: animal translocation and biological invasions across and to the east of Wallace's Line. In Metcalfe, I.,Smith, J.M.B.,Morwood, M. and Davidson, I., editors, Faunal and floral migrations and evolution in SE Asia-Australiasia. A.A. Balkema, 153-70.
82.
Heinsohn, T.E.2004: Phalangeroids as ethnotramps: a brief history of possums and gliders as introduced species. In Goldingay, R.L. and Jackson, S.M., editors, The biology of Australian possums and gliders. Surrey Beatty and Sons, 506-26.
83.
Hide, R.2003: Pig husbandry in New Guinea: a literature review and bibliography . Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research .
84.
Hirsch, E.1995: Landscape: between place and space. In Hirsch, E. and O'Hanlon, M., editors, The anthropology of landscape: perspectives on place and space. Clarendon Press, 1-30.
85.
Holttum, R.E.1967: The bamboos of New Guinea. Kew Bulletin21, 263-92.
86.
Hope, J.1973: Mammals of the Bass Strait islands. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria85, 163-95.
87.
Horton, P.1981: A taxonomic revision of Nicotiana (Solanaceae) in Australia . Journal of the Adelaide Botanical Gardens3, 1-56.
88.
Hunt, A.E.1899: Ethnological notes on the Murray Islands, Torres Straits . Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland1, 5-19.
89.
Hynes, R.A. and Chase, A.K.1982: Plants, sites and domiculture: Aboriginal influence upon plant communities in Cape York Peninsula. Archaeology in Oceania17, 38-50.
90.
Ingold, T.1986: The appropriation of nature: essays on human ecology and social relations. Manchester University Press.
91.
--- 1993: The temporality of landscape. World Archaeology25, 152-74.
92.
--- 1996: The optimal forager and economic man. In Descola, P. and Pálsson, G., editors, Nature and society: anthropological perspectives . Routledge, 25-44.
93.
--- 2000: The perception of the environment: essays on livelihood, dwelling and skill. Routledge.
94.
Isaacs, J.1987: Bush foods: Aboriginal food and herbal medicine . Weldon.
95.
Jochim, M.1990: The ecosystem concept in archaeology. In Moran, E.F., editor, The ecosystem approach in anthropology: from concept to practice. University of Michigan Press, 75-90.
96.
Jones, R.1969: Fire-stick farming. Australian Natural History16, 224-28.
97.
Johnson, C.N. and Wroe, S.2003: Causes of extinction of vertebrates during the Holocene of mainland Australia: arrival of the dingo, or human impact?The Holocene13, 941-48.
98.
Jukes, J.B.1847: Narrative of the surveying voyage of H.M.S. Fly. 2 vols . Boone.
99.
Keen, I.2004: Aboriginal economy and society: Australia at the threshold of colonisation. Oxford University Press.
100.
King, P.P.1837: Voyage of the colonial schooner, Isabella. - In search of the survivors of the Charles Eaton. The Nautical Magazine and Naval Chronicle, for 1837. Simpkin, Marshall & Co., 654-63, 753-60 and 799-806.
101.
Kirch, P.V.1982: Ecology and adaptation of Polynesian agricultural systems . Archaeology in Oceania17, 1-6.
102.
--- 1983: Man's role in modifying tropical and subtropical Polynesian ecosystems. Archaeology in Oceania18, 26-31.
103.
--- 2000: Pigs, humans, and trophic competition on small Oceanic islands. In Anderson, A. and Murray, T., editors, Australian archaeologist: collected papers in honour of Jim Allen. Coombs Academic Publishing, 324-45.
104.
--- 2005: Archaeology and global change: the Holocene record. Annual Review of Environment and Resources30, 409-40.
105.
Kirch, P.V. and Yen, D.E.1982: Tikopia: the prehistory and ecology of a Polynesian outlier . Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin238. Bishop Museum Press.
106.
Kofron, C.P.1999: Attacks on humans and domestic animals by the Southern Cassowary (Casuarius casuarius johnsonii) in Queensland, Australia. Journal of Zoology (London)249, 375-38.
107.
Kohen, J.L.1995: Aboriginal environmental impacts. University of New South Wales Press.
108.
Laade, W.1971: Oral traditions and written documents on the history and ethnography of the Northern Torres Strait Islands, Saibai - Dauan - Boigu. Vol. 1. Adi - myths, legends, fairy tales. Steiner.
109.
Laughlin, W.S.1954: Technical notes: twines and terminologies. American Anthropologist56, 1093-101.
110.
Lawrence, D.1989: From the other side: recently collected oral evidence of contacts between the Torres Strait Islanders and Papuan peoples of the southwestern coast. Aboriginal History13, 94-123.
111.
--- 1994: Customary exchange across Torres Strait. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum34, 241-446.
112.
Lawrie, M.1970: Myths and legends of Torres Strait. University of Queensland Press.
113.
Lewis, H.T.1982: Fire technology and resource management in Aboriginal North America and Australia. In Williams, N.M. and Hunn, E.S., editors, Resource managers: North American and Australian hunter-gatherers . Australia Institute of Aboriginal Studies, 45-67.
114.
Lindsey, T.R.1992: Encyclopedia of Australian animals: birds. Angus and Robertson.
115.
Lourandos, H.1980: Change or stability? Hydraulics, hunter-gatherers and population in temperate Australia. World Archaeology11, 245-66.
116.
MacGillivray, J.1852: Narrative of the Voyage of H.M.S. Rattlesnake . 2 vols. Boone .
117.
Mallett, K. and Orchard, A.E.2002: Flora of Australia: Vol. 43. Poaceae 1. Introduction and atlas. CSIRO Publishing.
118.
McGlone, M.S.1983: Polynesian deforestation of New Zealand: a preliminary synthesis. Archaeology in Oceania18, 11-25.
119.
McNiven, I.J.2001: Torres Strait Islanders and the maritime frontier in early colonial Australia. In Russell, L. , editor, Colonial frontiers: indigenous-European encounters in settler societies. Manchester University Press, 175-97.
120.
--- 2006a: Dauan 4 and the emergence of ethnographically-known social arrangements across Torres Strait during the last 600-800 years. Australian Archaeology62, 1-12.
121.
--- 2006b: Colonial diffusionism and the archaeology of external influences on Aboriginal culture. In David, B.,Barker, B. and McNiven, I.J., editors, The social archaeology of indigenous societies. Aboriginal Studies Press, 85-106.
122.
McNiven, I.J. and Hitchcock, G.2004: Torres Strait Islander marine subsistence specialisation and terrestrial animal translocation. In McNiven, I.J. and Quinnell, M., editors, Torres Strait archaeology and material culture. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, Cultural Heritage Series 3, 105-62.
123.
McNiven, I.J. and Quinnell, M., editors 2004: Torres Strait archaeology and material culture. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, Cultural Heritage Series3(1).
124.
McNiven, I.J., Crouch, J. and David, M.2004: Tudu (Warrior Island), Torres Strait: historical and archaeological survey. Cultural Heritage Report Series, No. 4. Programme for Australian Indigenous Archaeology, School of Geography and Environmental Science, Monash University.
125.
McNiven, I.J., David, B. and Barker, B.2006a: The social archaeology of Indigenous Australia . In David, B.,Barker, B. and McNiven, I.J., editors, The social archaeology of Australian indigenous societies . Aboriginal Studies Press, 2-19.
126.
McNiven, I.J., Dickinson, W.R., David, B., Weisler, M., von Gnielinski, F., Carter, M. and Zoppi, U.2006b: Mask Cave: red-slipped pottery and the Australian-Papuan settlement of Zenadh Kes (Torres Strait). Archaeology in Oceania41, 49-81.
127.
Moore, D.R.1979: Islanders and Aborigines at Cape York. Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies.
128.
Moore, D.R.1984: The Torres Strait collections of A.C. Haddon. British Museum Press.
129.
Moresby, J.1876: Discoveries and surveys in New Guinea and the D'Entrecasteaux Islands. John Murray.
130.
Mullins, S.1995: Torres Strait: a history of colonial occupation and culture contact 1864-1897. Central Queensland University Press .
131.
Neal, R.A.1989: An archaeological inspection of alternative telecom locations on Mabuiag and Yam islands, Torres Strait. Report13, Pirripoint Pty Ltd, Brisbane. Unpublished.
132.
Neldner, V.J.1998: Vegetation communities of the Torres Strait Islands. Unpublished report, Queensland Herbarium, Department of Environment , Brisbane.
133.
Odling-Smee, F.J.1994: Niche construction, evolution and culture. In T. Ingold, editor, Companion encyclopedia of anthropology. Routledge, 162-196.
134.
Ohtsuka, R.1983: Oriomo Papuans: ecology of sago-eaters in lowland Papua . University of Tokyo Press.
135.
Parr, J.F. and Carter, M.2003: Phytolith and starch analysis of sediment samples from two archaeological sites on Dauar Island, Torres Strait, northeastern Australia . Vegetation History and Archaeobotany12, 131-141.
136.
Patton, M.2000: Blitzkrieg or silzkrieg: the extinction of endemic faunas in Mediterranean island prehistory. In Nicholson, R.A. and O'Connor, T.P. , editors, People as an agent of environmental change. Oxbow, 117-24.
137.
Pizzey, G. and Knight, F.1997: The Graham Pizzey and Frank Knight field guide to the birds of Australia. Angus and Robertson.
138.
Purdie, R.W., Symon, D.E. and Haegi, L.1982: Solanaceae. In George, A.S., executive editor, Flora of Australia vol. 29. Australian Government Publishing Service, 1-197.
139.
Ramsay, G.2004: The Chinese diaspora in Torres Strait: cross-cultural connections and contentions on Thursday Island. In Shnukal, A., Ramsay, G. and Nagata, Y., editors, Navigating boundaries: the Asian diaspora in Torres Strait. Pandanus Books, 53-79.
140.
Reid, B.1976: Be wary - it's the cassowary. Wildlife in New Guinea 76/5 . Wildlife Branch, Department of Natural Resources .
141.
Riesenfeld, A.1951: Tobacco in New Guinea and the other areas of Melanesia . The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland81, 69-102.
142.
Rowe, C.2005: A Holocene history of vegetation change in the Western Torres Strait region, Queensland, Australia. Unpublished PhD Thesis, School of Geography and Environmental Science. Monash University.
143.
--2006: Landscapes in western Torres Strait history. In David, B.,Barker, B. and McNiven, I.J., editors, The social archaeology of Australian indigenous societies. Aboriginal Studies Press, 270-86.
144.
-- 2007: A palynological investigation of Holocene vegetation change in Torres Strait, seasonal tropics of northern Australia. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology251, 83-103.
145.
Sauer, J.D.1993: Historical geography of crop plants: a selected roster . CRC Press.
146.
Schomberg, N. (compiler) n.d.: Photographs: Badu - Poid - St. Pauls - Moa Island; taken by the Rev. J.W. Schomberg 1921-1935. Copy held at Queensland Museum, Brisbane. Unpublished.
147.
Shanks, M. and Tilley, C.1992: Re-constructing archaeology. Second edition. Routledge.
148.
Shnukal, A., 2004a: `They don't understand what went on underneath': three little-known Filipino/Malay communities of Torres Strait. In Shnukal, A.Ramsay, G. and Nagata, Y., editors, Navigating boundaries: the Asian diaspora in Torres Strait. Pandanus Books, 81-121.
149.
-- 2004b: Confluence: Asian cultural contributions to ailan pasin . In Shnukal, A., Ramsay, G. and Nagata, Y., editors, Navigating boundaries: the Asian diaspora in Torres Strait. Pandanus Books, 247-63.
150.
Singe, J.1979: The Torres Strait: people and history. University of Queensland Press.
151.
Spriggs, M.1986: Landscape, land use, and political transformation in southern Melanesia. In Kirch, P.V. , editor, Island societies: archaeological approaches to evolution and transformation. Cambridge University Press , 6-19.
152.
Steadman, D.W.1995: Prehistoric extinctions of Pacific island birds: biodiversity meets zooarchaeology. Science267, 1123-31.
153.
Steadman, D.W., White, J.P. and Allen, J.1995: Prehistoric birds from New Ireland, Papua New Guinea: extinctions on a large Melanesian island. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA96, 2563-68.
154.
Stocker, G.C.1978: The floral patchwork. Australian Natural History19, 186-89.
155.
Swadling, P.1996: Plumes from paradise: trade cycles in outer southeast Asia and their impacts on New Guinea and nearby islands until 1920. Papua New Guinea National Museum.
156.
Swain, B. and Trapnell, K.J.1987: Torres Strait quarantine. Queensland Agricultural Journal113, 273-77.
157.
Terrell, J.E., Hart, J.P., Barut, S., Cellinese, N., Curet, A., Denham, T., Kusimba, C.M., Latinis, K., Oka, R., Palka, J., Pohl, M.E.D., Pope, K.O., Williams, P.R., Haines, H. and Staller, J.E.2003: Domesticated landscapes: the subsistence ecology of plant and animal domestication. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory10, 323-68.
158.
Teske T., editor 1986: Murray Island of Torres Strait. Far Northern Schools Development Unit.
159.
-- editor 1990: Dauan Island of Torres Strait. Far Northern Schools Development Unit.
160.
Thompson, R.C.A., Owen, I.L., Puana, I., Banks, D., Davis, T.M.E. and Reid, S.A.2003: Parasites and biosecurity - the example of Australia . Trends in Parasitology19, 410-16.
161.
Thomson, D.F.1939: Notes on the smoking-pipes of north Queensland and the Northern Territory of Australia. Man39, 81-91.
162.
Vallance, T.G., Moore, D.T. and Groves, E.W.2001: Nature's investigator: the diary of Robert Brown in Australia, 1801-1805. Australian Biological Resources Study .
163.
Walters, I.1989: Intensified fishery production at Moreton Bay, southeast Queensland, in the late Holocene. Antiquity63, 215-24.
164.
Weisler, M.I. and Gargett, R.H.1993: Pacific avian extinctions: the taphonomy of human predation . Archaeology in Oceania28, 85-93.
165.
White, J.P.2004: Where the wild things are: prehistoric animal translocation in the circum New Guinea archipelago. In Fitzpatrick, S.M., editor, Voyages of discovery: the archaeology of islands. Praeger, 147-64.
166.
White, J.P., Clark, G. and Bedford, S.2000: Distribution, present and past, of Rattus praetor in the Pacific and its implications. Pacific Science54, 105-17.
167.
Widjaja, E.A.1997: New taxa in Indonesian bamboos. Reinwardtia11, 57-152.
168.
Wienk, J.F. and van S'chendellaan, A.1976: Sisal and relatives. In Simmonds, N.W., editor, Evolution of crop plants. Longman, 1-4.
169.
Williams, F.E.1936: Papuans of the Trans-Fly. Clarendon Press.
170.
Wong, K.M.2005: Mullerochloa, a new genus of bamboo (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) from north-east Australia and notes on the circumscription of Bambusa. Blumea50, 425-41.
171.
Xia, N.H. and Stapleton, C.M.A.1997: Typification of Bambusa bambos (L.) Voss (Gramineae: Bambusoideae). Kew Bulletin52, 693-698.
172.
Yen, D.E.1989: The domestication of environment. In Harris, D.R. and Hillman, G.C., editors, Foraging and farming: the evolution of plant exploitation. Unwin Hyman, 55-75.
173.
Yibarbuk, D.M., Whitehead, P.J., Russell-Smith, J., Jackson, D., Fisher, A., Cooke, P., Choquenot, D. and Bowman, D.J.M.S. 2001: Fire ecology and Aboriginal land management in central Arnhem Land, northern Australia: a tradition of ecosystem management . Journal of Biogeography28, 325-43.
