This article considers whether the development of European rights for workers implies
a European social citizenship. It analyses the debate during the preparation and
adoption of the EU Directive on part-time work in 1997, which guarantees part-time
workers (who are primarily women) the same pay and working conditions as full-time
workers. Was the concept of social citizenship discussed during its preparation and
adoption? What kind of gender equality was involved: are women granted equal access
to the European market or equal outcomes? We conclude that the Directive involves
industrial rather thansocial citizenship, but ideals of social citizenship were
nevertheless at stake during its preparation.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Ackers, L.
(1996) ‘Women and Citizenship in the European
Union’, in
T. Hervey
and
D.O. Keeffe
(eds) Sex Equality Law in the European Union, pp.
221-237.
Chichester: Wiley
.
2.
Anttonen, A
. and
Sipilä, J.
(1997)
‘European Social Care Services: Is it Possible to Identify Models?’Journal of European Social Policy6(2):
87-100
.
3.
Blossfeld, H.
and
Hakim, C.
(1997) Between Equalization and Marginalization: Women
Working Part-time in Europe and the United States of America.
Oxford: Oxford University Press
.
4.
Bussemaker, J.
and
Van Kersbergen, K.
(1995) ‘Gender and Welfare States: Some
Theoretical Reflections’, in
D. Sainsbury
(ed.) Gendering Welfare States.
London: Sage
.
5.
Clauwaert, S.
(2002) Survey on the Implementation of the Part-time Work
Directive/Agreement in the EU Member States and Selected Applicant
Countries.
Brussels: ETUC
.
6.
Debates of the European Parliament
(1997) ‘Debate on Part-time Work’,
No. 4-509, 18 November 1997: 65-89.
7.
Delsen, L. (1991) ‘Atypische arbeidsrelaties en overheidsbeleid in
Europa’, Sociaal Maandblad van de Arbeid46: 9-26.
8.
De Swaan, A.
(1988) In Care of the State.
Amsterdam: Bert Bakker
.
9.
EIRR
(1980)
‘EEC Work Redistribution’
, European Industrial Relations Review72:
22-22
.
10.
EIRR
(1990a)
‘Draft “Atypical” Work Directives Adopted by
the Commission’
, European Industrial Relations Review199:
2-2
.
11.
EIRR
(1990b)
‘Controversy Surrounds Draft Atypical Work Directives’
, European Industrial Relations Review203:
11-11
.
12.
EIRR
(1991)
‘December Labour and Social Affairs Council’
, European Industrial Relations Review205:
2-2
.
13.
European Commission
(1996) For a Europe of Civic and Social Rights, Report
by the ComitÈ des Sages.
Brussels: Directorate General on Employment,
Industrial Relations and Social Affairs
.
14.
Falkner, G.
(1998) EU Social Policy in the 1990s: Towards a Corporatist
Policy Community.
London: Routledge
.
15.
Hardy, S.
and
Adnett, N.
(2002)
‘The Parental Leave Directive: Towards a “Family
Friendly” Social Europe?’European Journal of Industrial Relations8(2):
157-172
.
16.
Hoskyns, C.
(1996) Integrating Gender: Women, Law and Politics in the
European Union.
London: Verso
.
17.
Keller, B.
and
Srries, B.
(1999)
‘The New European Social Dialogue: Old Wine in New Bottles?’Journal of European Social Policy9(2):
111-125
.
18.
Knijn, T.
and
Kremer, M.
(1998)
‘Gender and the Caring Dimension of Welfare States: Towards
Inclusive Citizenship’
, Social Politics4(3):
328-361
.
19.
Kostakopoulou, T.
(1998) ‘European Union Citizenship as a Model of
Citizenship Beyond the Nation State: Possibilities and
Limits’, in
A. Weale
and
M. Nentwich
(eds) Political Theory and the European Union: Legitimacy,
Constitutional Choice and Citizenship, pp. 158-171.
New York: Routledge
.
20.
Leibfried, S.
and
Pierson, P.
(1994) ‘The Prospects for Social
Europe’, in
A. de Swaan
(ed.) Social Policy Beyond Borders: The Social Question in Transnational
Perspective, pp. 5-57.
Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press
.
21.
Lewis, J.
(1992) Women and Social Policy in Europe: Work, Family and
the State.
Aldershot: Edward Elgar
.
22.
Lister, R.
(1997) Citizenship: Feminist Perspectives.
Houndmills: Macmillan
.
23.
Marshall, T.H.
(1963) Sociology at the Crossroads.
London: Heinemann
.
24.
Meehan, E.
(1993) Citizenship and the European Community.
London: Sage
.
25.
Meehan, E.
(1997) ‘Political Pluralism and European
Citizenship’, in
P. Lehning
and
A. Weale
(eds) Citizenship, Democracy and Justice in the New Europe.
London: Routledge
.
26.
Mutari, E.
and
Figart, D.M.
(2001)
‘Europe at the Crossroads: Harmonization, Liberalization and the
Gender of Work Time’
, Social Politics8(1):
36-64
.
27.
O’Reilly, J.
and
Fagan, C.
(1998) Part-time Prospects: An International Comparison of
Part-time Work in Europe, North-America and the Pacific Rim.
London: Routledge
.
28.
Orloff, A.
(1993)
‘Gender and the Social Rights of Citizenship: The Comparative
Analysis of Gender Relations and the Welfare States’
, American Sociological Review58:
303-328
.
29.
Ostner, I.
and
Lewis, J.
(1995) ‘Gender and the Evolution of European
Social Policies’, in
S. Leibfried
and
P. Pierson
(eds) European Social Policy: Between Fragmentation and
Integration, pp. 159-193.
Washington, DC: Brookings
.
30.
Pateman, C.
(1989) The Disorder of Women: Democracy, Feminism and
Political Theory.
Cambridge: Polity
.
31.
Perrons, D.
(1999)
‘Flexible Working Patterns and Equal Opportunities in the
European Union: Conflict or Compatibility?’European Journal of Women’s Studies6(4):
391-418
.
32.
Robson, P.
,
Dex, S.
,
Wilkinson, F.
and
Salido Cortes, O.
(1999)
‘Low Pay, Labour Market Institutions, Gender and Part-time Work:
Cross-national Comparisons’
, European Journal of Industrial Relations2(5):
187-207
.
33.
Rubery, J.
,
Smith, M.
and
Fagan, C.
(1999) Women’s Employment in Europe: Trends and
Prospects.
London: Routledge
.
34.
Schmitter, P.C.
and
Bauer, M.W.
(2001)
‘A Modest Proposal for Expanding Social Citizenship in the
European Union’
, Journal of European Social Policy11(1):
55-65
.
35.
Turner, B.
(1992) Citizenship and Social Theory.
London: Sage
.
36.
Zetlin, D.
and
Whitehouse, G.
(2003)
‘Gendering Industrial Citizenship’
, British Journal of Industrial Relations41(4):
773-788
.
