The virtual earth concept, well known to designers of active electronic circuits with operational amplifier components, is shown to have a novel bicausal bond graph interpretation. This leads to simplified bond graph modelling of such circuits. Some simple operational amplifier circuits, together with a more complex active filter, are used to illustrate the approach. A complex electromechanical system shows that the method is useful in creating a unified bond graph model of systems involving both analogue electronic and mechanical systems.
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