Psychologists’ spatial representations and conceptual analogies form a semiotic doublet by which patterns of their seminal ideas can be compared across different eras. One powerful reappearing idea is Freud’s concept that two logics alternate as forms of thought. This elemental idea entails the individual’s access to analogical thinking, its forms, and its effect on the person’s selection of logical form. To go a recursive step back, I search out the psychologist’s origin of ideas to explain analogy and the two logics. Probing the doublet illuminates the psychologist’s thought forms, semiotic combinations, and choices of logical patterns. Using it to compare different theorists’ concepts of the two logics and analogy reveals the continuously recursive nature of analogy and shows the durability of major ideas. Comparisons go back and forth in time and contribute to understanding the roots of ideas and to project their place and value in future models.
AbelsonR. P.RosenbergM. J. (1958). Symbolic psychologic: A model of attitudinal cognition. In SuedfeldP. (Ed.), Attitude change: The competing views (pp. 86–115). New Brunswick, NJ: AldineTransaction.
2.
AdamsF.AizawaK. (2008). The bounds of cognition. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
3.
AertsD. (2009). Quantum structure in cognition. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 53, 314–348.
4.
AlfordB. A.BeckA. (1998). The integrative power of cognitive therapy. New York, NY: Guilford.
5.
BallantyneP. F. (2008). Wax and wane of American general psychology (1920–1990s): S-O-R, the operationist variable model, and the crisis of relevance. In History and theory of psychology: An early 21st-century student’s perspective: Section 5. Toronto, Canada: York University. International Society for the History of Behavioral and Social Sciences. Retrieved from http://www.igs.net/~pballan/section5(210).htm
6.
BeckA. T. (1967). Depression: Clinical, experimental, and theoretical aspects. New York, NY: Hoeber Medical Division, Harper & Row.
7.
BeckA. T. (2008). The evolution of the cognitive model of depression and its neurobiological correlates. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165, 969–977. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.08050721
8.
BeitmanB. (2003). Integration through fundamental similarities and useful differences among the schools. In NorcrossJ. C.GoldfriedM. R. (Eds.), Handbook of psychotherapy integration (pp. 202–230). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
9.
BellV.HalliganP. W. (2009). Cognitive neurology. In BerntsonG. G.CacioppoJ. T. (Eds.), Handbook of neuroscience for the behavioral sciences (pp. 1152–1179). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
10.
BenthemJ. F. A. K. (2011). Logical dynamics of information and interaction. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
11.
BernfeldS. (1944). Freud’s earliest theories and the school of Helmholtz. Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 13, 314–362.
CarlyleT. (1987). Sartor resartus (McSweeneyK.SaborP., Eds.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. (Original work published 1838)
14.
ClarkD. A.BeckA. T. (2011). Cognitive therapy of anxiety disorders: Science and practice. New York, NY: Guilford.
15.
ClarkD. A.BeckA. T.AlfordB. A. (1999). Scientific foundations of cognitive theory and therapy of depression. New York, NY: Wiley.
16.
D’AndradeR. G. (1995). The growth of schema theory. In The development of cognitive anthropology (pp. 122–149). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
17.
EbelingW.HoffmanD. (1991). Grand schools of physics. The Berlin School of Thermodynamics founded by Helmholtz and Clausius. European Journal of Physics, 12, 1–9. Retrieved from http://thermophysics.ru/pdf_doc/Berlin_School.pdf
18.
EsserP. H. (1947–1948). On word–fact relations. Synthese, 6, 420–425.
19.
FisherH. (1998). Metonymy, metaphor, and category: Logic versus semantics. Semiotica, 121(1/2), 41–87.
20.
FisherH. (2003). Metonymy as concept: A metaphor for rhetoric, not for thought. Semiotica, 147(1–4), 495–525.
21.
FisherH. (2009). Self, logic, and figurative thinking. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
22.
FisherH. (2013a). Analogy versus category in psychological science: Destabilizing objects to enable new thinking. Manuscript in preparation.
23.
FisherH. (2013b). The thinker’s phenomenology: Analogy and analog analysis. Manuscript in preparation.
24.
FreudS. (1952). On dreams (StracheyJ., Trans.). New York, NY: Norton. (Original work published 1901)
25.
FreudS. (1957). The antithetical meaning of primary words. In StracheyJ.FreudA. (Eds. & Trans.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 11, pp. 153–162). London, UK: Hogarth. (Original work published 1910)
26.
FreudS. (1958). The interpretation of dreams. In StracheyJ. (Ed. & Trans.) The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 4, pp. 1–338). London, UK: Hogarth. (Original work published 1900)
27.
FreudS. (1964). The dissection of the personality. Lecture XXXI. New introductory lectures on psycho-analysis. In StracheyJ. (Ed. & Trans.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 22, pp. 57–80). London, UK: Hogarth. (Original work published 1933)
28.
FreudS. (1966). Draft G. Melancholia. In StracheyJ. (Ed. & Trans.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 1, pp. 200–206). London, UK: Hogarth. (Original work published 1895)
29.
FreudS. (1991). The psychotherapy of hysteria: Studies on hysteria. In StracheyJ. (Ed. & Trans.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 2, pp. 253–312). London, UK: Hogarth. (Original work published 1893–1895)
GärdenforsP. (2000). Conceptual spaces: The geometry of thought. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
32.
GärdenforsP. (2004). How to make the semantic web more semantic: Formal ontology in information systems. In VarziA. C.VieuL. (Eds.), Formal ontology in information systems: Proceedings of the Third International Conference (FOIS-2004, pp. 17–34). Amsterdam, The Netherlands: IOS Press. Retrieved from http://yaxu.org/tmp/Gardenfors04.pdf
33.
GeisslerH. G.LinkS. W.TownsendJ. T. (1992). Cognition, information processing, and psychophysics: Basic issues. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
34.
GoldstoneR.SonJ. (2005). Similarity. In HolyoakK.MorrisonR. (Eds.), Cambridge handbook of thinking and reasoning (pp. 13–36). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
35.
GregoryR. L. (1997). Knowledge in perception and illusion. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B, 352, 1121–1128.
36.
GüzeldereG. (1997). The many faces of consciousness. In BlockN. J.FlanaganO. J.GüzeldereG. (Eds.), The nature of consciousness: Philosophical debates (pp. 1–69). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
37.
HagnerM. (2003). Scientific medicine. In CahanD. (Ed.), From natural philosophy to the sciences: Writing the history of nineteenth-century science (pp. 49–87). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
38.
HamnerM. G. (2003). Hermann von Helmholtz. In American pragmatism: A religious genealogy (pp. 23–39). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
39.
HatfieldG. C. (1990). The natural and the normative: Theories of spatial perception from Kant to Helmholtz. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
40.
HealyM. J.CaudellT. P.GoldsmithT. E. (2008). A model of human categorization and similarity based upon category theory. UNM Technical Report EECE-TR-08–0010, DSpaceUNM, University of New Mexico.
41.
HelmholtzH. von. (1908). On the origin and significances of geometrical axioms. In Popular lectures on scientific subjects (AtkinsonE., Trans., 2nd series, pp. 27–72). London, UK: Longmans, Green, & Co. (Original lecture 1870)
42.
HelmholtzH. (1925). Helmholtz’s treatise on physiological optics, volume 3, translated by SouthallJPC. New York: Optical Society of America. (Original work published 1866)
43.
HelmholtzH. von. (2005). Treatise on physiological optics (SouthallJ. P. C., Trans., Vol. 3). Mineola, NY: Dover. (Original work published 1866)
44.
IngramR. E. (2009). Schemas. In IngramR. E. (Ed.), The international encyclopedia of depression (pp. 483–484). New York, NY: Springer.
45.
IsaacsN. (1930–1931). Psycho-logic. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society (New Series), 31, 225–262.
46.
Johnson-LairdP. N. (2004). The history of mental models. In ManktelowK. (Ed.), Psychology of reasoning: Theoretical and historical perspectives (pp. 179–212). London, UK: Psychology Press.
47.
KantI. (1950). Immanuel Kant’s critique of pure reason (SmithN.K., Trans.). New York, NY: Humanities Press. (Original work published 1787)
48.
KihlstromJ. F. (2008). The psychological unconscious. In JohnO.RobinsR.PervinL. (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (3rd ed., pp. 583–602). New York, NY: Guilford.
49.
KihlstromJ. F.BarnhardtT. M.TatarynD. J. (1992). The psychological unconscious: Found, lost, and regained. American Psychologist, 47, 788–791.
50.
KoenigsbergerL. (1906). Hermann von Helmholtz (WelbyF. A., Trans.). Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.
51.
KorzybskiA. (1958). Science and sanity: An introduction to non-Aristotelian systems and general semantics. Lakeville, CT: International Non-Aristotelian Library Pub.
52.
KuhnW.RaubalM.GärdenforsP. (2007). Editorial. Spatial Cognition and Computation, 7, 3–11.
53.
La CerraP. (2003). The first law of psychology is the second law of thermodynamics: The energetic evolutionary model of the mind and the generation of human psychological phenomena. Human Nature Review, 3, 440–447.
54.
LakoffG. (1987). Women, fire, and dangerous things: What categories reveal about the mind. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
55.
LenoirT. (1993). Helmholtz’s construction of an empiricist theory of vision. In CahanD. (Ed.), Hermann von Helmholtz and the foundations of nineteenth-century science (pp. 109–153). Berkeley: University of California Press.
MagnaniL. (2009). Theoretical and manipulative abduction. In Abductive cognition: The epistemological and eco-cognitive dimensions of hypothetical reasoning (pp. 1–62). Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag.
Matte BlancoI. (1975). The unconscious as infinite sets. London, UK: Duckworth.
60.
Matte BlancoI. (1988). Thinking, feeling, and being: Clinical reflections on the fundamental antinomy of human beings and world. New Library of Psychoanalysis, 5. New York, NY: Routledge.
61.
MetzgerW. (1974). Can the subject create his world? In MacLeodR. B.PickH. L. (Eds.), Perception: Essays in honor of James J. Gibson (pp. 57–71). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
62.
MontangeroJ.Maurice-NavilleD. (1997). Piaget, or, the advance of knowledge. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
63.
NormanJ. (2002). Two visual systems and two theories of perception: An attempt to reconcile the constructivist and ecological approaches. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 25, 73–144.
64.
NorthoffG. (2012). Psychoanalysis and the brain—Why did Freud abandon neuroscience?Frontiers in Psychology, 3, 71, 1–11. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00071
65.
OsbeckL. M. (2009). Transformations in cognitive science: Implications and issues posed. Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology, 29, 16–33.
66.
OtisL. (2007). Müller’s lab. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
67.
PanhuysenG. (1995). The strength of weak points: On the contribution of substantial heuristics to theory development, illustrated by Freud’s case. Theory & Psychology, 5, 171–194.
68.
PanhuysenG. (1998). The relationship between somatic and psychic processes: Lessons from Freud’s project. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 843, 20–42.
69.
PeirceC. S. (1931–1958). Collected papers of Charles Sanders Peirce (Vols. 1–6, HartshorneC.WeissP., Eds.; Vols. 7–8, BurksA. W., Ed.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
70.
PiagetJ. (1960). Logic and psychology (PiercyM.BerlyneD. E., Trans.). New York, NY: Basic Books. (Original work published 1957)
RosnerR. I. (2012). Aaron T. Beck’s drawings and the psychoanalytic origin story of cognitive therapy. History of Psychology, 15, 1–18. doi: 10.1037/a0023892
73.
SchiemannG. (1998). The loss of the world in the image: Origin and development of the concept of image in the thought of Hermann von Helmholtz and Heinrich Hertz. In BairdD.HughesR. I. G.NordmannA. (Eds.), Heinrich Hertz: Classical physicist, modern philosopher (pp. 25–38). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic.
74.
SchiemannG. (2009). Hermann von Helmholtz’s mechanism. The loss of certainty: A study on the transition from classical to modern philosophy of nature. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer.
75.
SchlosserM. E. (2012). Causally efficacious intentions and the sense of agency: In defense of real mental causation. Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology, 32, 135–160.
76.
SimonD.SnowC. J.ReadS. J. (2004). The redux of cognitive consistency theories: Evidence judgments by constraint satisfaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 814–837. doi: 10.1037/0022–3514.86.6.814
77.
SmedslundJ. (2011). Meaning of words and the use of axiomatics in psychological theory. Journal of Theoretical & Philosophical Psychology, 31, 126–135.
78.
SmedslundJ. (2012). What follows from what we all know about human beings. Theory & Psychology, 22, 658–668.
79.
SmithL. (1996). Critical readings on Piaget. London, UK: Routledge.
80.
SowaJ. F. (2005). Categorization in cognitive computer science. In CohenH.LefebvreC. (Eds.), Handbook of categorization in cognitive science (pp. 141–163). Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier.
81.
SowaJ. F.MajumdarA. K. (2003). Analogical reasoning. In MoorA.LexW.GanterB. (Eds.), Conceptual structures for knowledge creation and communication: 11th International Conference on Conceptual Structures: Proceedings (pp. 16–36). Berlin, Germany: Springer.
82.
SteinD. J. (1992). Schemas in the cognitive and clinical sciences: An integrative construct. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 2, 45–63.
83.
SteinD. J.LudikJ.(1998). Neural networks and psychopathology: An introduction. In SteinD. J.LudikJ. (Eds.), Neural networks and psychopathology: Connectionist models in practice and research (pp. 3–13). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
84.
SullowayF. J. (1979). Freud, biologist of the mind: Beyond the psychoanalytic legend. New York, NY: Basic Books.
85.
TverskyB. (2000). Some ways that maps and diagrams communicate. Spatial Cognition II. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 1849, 72–79. doi: 10.1007/3–540–45460–8_6
86.
ValsinerJ. (2007). Thinking in psychological science: Ideas and their makers. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
87.
VygotskyL. S. (2004). Imagination and creativity in childhood. Journal of Russian and East European Psychology, 42(1), 7–97.
88.
WiseM. N. (2007). What can local circulation explain? The case of Hemholtz’s frog-drawing-machine in Berlin. HoST (Journal of the History of Science and Technology), 1, 15–73. Retrieved from http://johost.eu/vol1_summer_2007/host_vol1_cover.pdf
