Physics and chemistry, two basic natural sciences, are today seamlessly integrated, but for much of their history they were separate enterprises with distinct methods and goals. Physicists have consistently sought simplicity and mathematical rigor, whereas chemists seem to have been fascinated by the challenges of complexity. Parallels between these two sciences and the two major branches of contemporary personality psychology are described in an attempt to put in perspective the daunting enterprise of constructing a unified science of human nature.
Bandura, A., & Walters, R.H. ( 1963). Social learning and personality development. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.
2.
Baumeister, R.F., Muraven, M., & Tice, D.M. ( 2000). Ego depletion: A resource model of volition, self-regulation, and controlled processing. Social Cognition, 18, 130-150.
3.
Baumeister, R.F., & Vohs, K.D. (Eds.). (2004). Handbook of self-regulation: Research, theory, and applications. New York: Guilford.
4.
Beck, A.T., & Newman, C.F. ( 2005). Cognitive therapy. In B.J. Sadock & V.A. Sadock (Eds.), Kaplan and Sadock’s comprehensive textbook of psychiatry (pp. 2595-2610). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
5.
Brock, W.H. ( 1992). The Norton history of chemistry. New York: Norton.
6.
Buss, D.M., & Craik, K.H. ( 1985). Why not measure that trait? Alternative criteria for identifying important dispositions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 934-946.
7.
Canli, T., Zhao, Z., Desmond, J.E., Kang, E., Gross, J., & Gabrieli, J.D.E. (2001). An fMRI study of personality influences on brain reactivity to emotional stimuli. Behavioral Neuroscience, 115, 33-42.
8.
Cervone, D. ( 1991). The two disciplines of personality psychology. Psychological Science, 2, 371-377.
9.
Cervone, D., & Shoda, Y. (Eds.). (1999). The coherence of personality: Social-cognitive bases of consistency, variability, and organization. New York: Guilford.
10.
Church, A.T. ( 2009). Prospects for an integrated trait and cultural psychology . European Journal of Personality, 23, 153-182.
11.
Close, F. ( 1989). The quark structure of matter. In P. Davies (Ed.), The new physics (pp. 396-424). New York: Cambridge University Press.
12.
Conley, J.J. ( 1984). The hierarchy of consistency: A review and model of longitudinal findings on adult individual differences in intelligence, personality, and self-opinion. Personality and Individual Differences, 5, 11-26.
13.
Costa, P.T., Jr., & McCrae, R.R. (1977). Age differences in personality structure revisited: Studies in validity, stability, and change. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 8, 261-275.
14.
Costa, P.T., Jr., & McCrae, R.R. (1980). Still stable after all these years: Personality as a key to some issues in adulthood and old age . In P.B. Baltes & O.G. Brim, Jr. (Eds.), Life span development and behavior (Vol. 3, pp. 65-102). New York: Academic Press.
15.
Costa, P.T., Jr., & McCrae, R.R. (1992). Trait psychology comes of age. In T.B. Sonderegger (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation: Psychology and aging (pp. 169-204). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
16.
De Fruyt, F., Mervielde, I., Hoekstra, H.A., & Rolland, J.-P. (2000). Assessing adolescents’ personality with the NEO-PI-R. Assessment, 7, 329-345.
17.
Deci, E.L., Koestner, R., & Ryan, R.M. ( 1999). A meta-analytic review of experiments examining the effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 627-668.
18.
Digman, J.M. ( 1990). Personality structure: Emergence of the Five-Factor Model . Annual Review of Psychology, 41, 417-440.
19.
Division 12 Task Force. (1996). An update on empirically validated therapies. The Clinical Psychologist, 49, 5-18.
20.
Ellis, A. ( 1987). The impossibility of achieving consistently good mental health. American Psychologist, 42, 364-375.
21.
Eysenck, H.J. ( 1991). Dimensions of personality: 16, 5, or 3?-Criteria for a taxonomic paradigm. Personality and Individual Differences , 12, 773-790.
22.
Falmagne, R.J. ( 2004). On the constitution of "self" and "mind": The dialectic of the system and the person. Theory & Psychology, 14, 822-845.
23.
Feist, G.J., & Feist, J. ( 2005). Theories of personality (6th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Funder, D.C. ( 1980). On seeing ourselves as others see us: Self-other agreement and discrepancy in personality ratings. Journal of Personality , 48, 473-493.
26.
Gell-Mann, M. ( 1994). The quark and the jaguar: Adventures in the simple and the complex. New York: Freeman.
27.
Goldberg, L.R. ( 1972). Some recent trends in personality assessment. Journal of Personality Assessment, 36, 547-560.
28.
Hastings, B.M. ( 2007). ROY G. BIV and the OCEAN: A heuristic metaphor for understanding the role of the Five-Factor Model in personality research. Theory & Psychology, 17, 87-99.
29.
Hiriyanna, M. ( 1968). Outlines of Indian philosophy. London : George Allen & Unwin.
30.
Juni, S. ( 1996). Review of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory. In J.C. Conoley & J.C. Impara (Eds.), 12th Mental Measurements Yearbook (pp. 863-868). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
31.
King, J.E., Weiss, A., & Sisco, M.M. ( 2008). Aping humans: Age and sex effects in chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) and human (Homo sapiens) personality. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 122, 418-427.
32.
Kruglanski, A.W., & Webster, D.M. ( 1996). Motivated closing of the mind: "Seizing" and "freezing ." Psychological Review, 103, 263-283.
33.
Lamiell, J.T. ( 2007). On sustaining critical discourse with mainstream personality investigators: Problems and prospects. Theory & Psychology , 17, 169-185.
34.
Larsen, R.J. ( 2000). Emotion and personality: Introduction to the Special Symposium. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 651-654.
35.
Loehlin, J.C. ( 1992). Genes and environment in personality development. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
36.
Mackie, D.M., & Smith, E.R. ( 1998). Intergroup relations: Insights from a theoretically integrative approach. Psychological Review, 105, 499-529.
37.
Mayr, E. ( 1997). This is biology: The science of the living world. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
38.
McAdams, D.P., & Pals, J.L. ( 2006). A new Big Five: Fundamental principles for an integrative science of personality. American Psychologist, 61, 204-217.
39.
McCrae, R.R. ( 2001). Trait psychology and culture: Exploring intercultural comparisons. Journal of Personality, 69, 819-846.
40.
McCrae, R.R., & Costa, P.T., Jr. (1995). Trait explanations in personality psychology. European Journal of Personality, 9, 231-252.
41.
McCrae, R.R., & Costa, P.T., Jr. (1996). Toward a new generation of personality theories: Theoretical contexts for the Five-Factor Model. In J.S. Wiggins (Ed.), The Five-Factor Model of personality: Theoretical perspectives (pp. 51-87). New York : Guilford.
42.
McCrae, R.R., & Costa, P.T., Jr. (2003). Personality in adulthood: A Five-Factor Theory perspective (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford.
43.
McCrae, R.R., & Costa, P.T., Jr. (2008). The Five-Factor Theory of personality . In O.P. John, R.W. Robins, & L.A. Pervin (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (3rd ed., pp. 159-180). New York: Guilford .
44.
McCrae, R.R., Costa, P.T., Jr., Ostendorf, F., Angleitner, A., Hřebíčková, M., Avia, M., et al. (2000). Nature over nurture: Temperament, personality, and lifespan development. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 173-186.
45.
McCrae, R.R., & Löckenhoff, C.E. (in press). Self-regulation and the Five-Factor Model of personality traits. In R.H. Hoyle (Ed.), The handbook of self-regulation and personality . Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
46.
McCrae, R.R., Terracciano, A., & 78 Members of the Personality Profiles of Cultures Project. (2005). Universal features of personality traits from the observer’s perspective: Data from 50 cultures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 547-561.
47.
McCrae, R.R., Yik, M.S.M., Trapnell, P.D., Bond, M.H., & Paulhus, D.L. ( 1998). Interpreting personality profiles across cultures: Bilingual, acculturation, and peer rating studies of Chinese undergraduates. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1041-1055.
48.
McEvoy, P.M., & Nathan, P. ( 2007). Effectiveness of cognitive behavior therapy for diagnostically heterogeneous groups: A benchmarking study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75, 344-350.
49.
Miller, J.G. ( 1999). Cultural psychology: Implications for basic psychological theory. Psychological Science, 10, 85-91.
50.
Miller, T. ( 1991). The psychotherapeutic utility of the Five-Factor Model of personality: A clinician’s experience. Journal of Personality Assessment, 57, 415-433.
51.
Mischel, W., & Gilligan, C. ( 1964). Delay of gratification, motivation for the prohibited gratification, and responses to temptation. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 69, 411-417.
52.
Neyer, F.J., & Asendorpf, J.B. (2001). Personality-relationship transaction in young adulthood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 1190-1204.
53.
Ozer, D.J., & Benet-Martínez, V. (2006). Personality and the prediction of consequential outcomes. Annual Review of Psychology, 57, 401-421.
54.
Roberts, B.W., & DelVecchio, W.F. (2000). The rank-order consistency of personality traits from childhood to old age: A quantitative review of longitudinal studies. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 3-25.
55.
Roberts, B.W., & Helson, R. ( 1997). Changes in culture, changes in personality: The influence of individualism in a longitudinal study of women. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 641-651.
56.
Robins, R.W., Gosling, S.E., & Craik, K.H. ( 1999). An empirical analysis of trends in psychology. American Psychologist, 54, 117-128.
57.
Rotter, J.B. ( 1966). Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. Psychological Monographs, 80(1), 1-28.
58.
Schopenhauer, A. ( 1969). The world as will and representation (3rd ed., Vol. 1, E.F.J. Payne, Trans.). New York: Dover. (Original work published 1859)
59.
Sheehan, J.J., & Sosna, M. (Eds.). (1991). The boundaries of humanity: Humans, animals, machines. Berkeley: University of California Press.
60.
Somerfield, M.R., & McCrae, R.R. (2000). Stress and coping research: Methodological challenges, theoretical advances, and clinical applications . American Psychologist, 55, 620-625.
61.
Sutin, A.R., Beason-Held, L.L., Resnick, S.M., & Costa, P.T., Jr. (2009, April 14). Sex differences in resting-state neural correlates of Openness to Experience among older adults. Cerebral Cortex. DOI:10.1093/cercor/bhp066.
62.
Terracciano, A., Costa, P.T., Jr., & McCrae, R.R. (2006). Personality plasticity after age 30. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 999-1009.
Tupes, E.C., & Christal, R.E. (1992). Recurrent personality factors based on trait ratings. Journal of Personality, 60, 225-251. (Original work published 1961)
65.
Weinberg, S. ( 1999, December). A unified physics by 2050? Scientific American, 281, 68-75.
66.
Woodruffe, C. ( 1985). Consensual validation of personality traits: Additional evidence and individual differences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 1240-1252.
67.
Yamagata, S., Suzuki, A., Ando, J., Ono, Y., Kijima, N., Yoshimura, K., et al. (2006). Is the genetic structure of human personality universal? A cross-cultural twin study from North America, Europe, and Asia . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 987-998.
