Background: Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) plays a crucial role in various industries and enzymatic reactions, including cholesterol oxidation. Cholesterol, vital for physiological functions, can lead to cardiovascular and hepatic diseases when present in excess. Accurate detection is crucial, yet current techniques are costly and time-consuming. Biosensors offer a promising alternative due to their sensitivity, speed, and portability in detecting H2O2. Objective: This study aims to develop a sensitive, simple, rapid, and cost-effective biosensor for H2O2 detection using electrospun membranes coated with polypyrrole (PPy). Methods: Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) membranes were prepared using the electrospinning technique. Subsequently, these membranes were coated with polypyrrole (PPy) through in situ chemical polymerization. The obtained materials were characterized using SEM, contact angle measurements, XPS, and their electrical properties were analyzed. Results: PLA/PPy composite membranes exhibited electrical conductivities on the order of 10−2 S cm−1. Upon exposure to H2O2 and enzymatic reaction, a significant decrease in their electrical properties was observed, indicating their potential as sensors for detecting this analyte. Conclusions: Electrospun PLA/PPy membranes demonstrate high potential for H2O2 detection, owing to their large surface area and high reactivity, thereby enhancing sensor sensitivity. These characteristics make this material a promising option for H2O2 detection applications across various industries.
SongJWanYYangC, et al.Synthesis of CuxO/Ag nanoparticles on exfoliated graphene: application for enhanced electrochemical detection of H2O2 in milk. Sci Rep2023; 13: 6640.
2.
MirzaeiYGholamiASheiniA,et al.An origami-based colorimetric sensor for detection of hydrogen peroxide and glucose using sericin capped silver nanoparticles. Sci Rep2023; 13: 7064.
3.
Castillo-OrtegaMMRodriguezDEEncinasJC, et al.Conductometric uric acid and urea biosensor prepared from electroconductive polyaniline–poly(n-butyl methacrylate) composites. Sens Actuators B2002; 85: 19–25.
4.
DeivanayakiSJayamuruganPAshokanS, et al.Growth of non-enzymatic cholesterol biosensor using TiO2 decorated graphene oxide with bare GCE and PPy-GCE. J Indian Chem Soc2023; 100: 100906.
5.
KumarAGuptaGHSinghG, et al.Ultrahigh sensitive graphene oxide/conducting polymer composite based biosensor for cholesterol and bilirubin detection. Biosens Bioelectron X2023; 13: 100290.
6.
ZárateAManuel-ApolinarLBasurtoL, et al.Colesterol y aterosclerosis. Consideraciones históricas y tratamiento. Archivos de Cardiología de México2016; 86: 163–169.
7.
NarwalVDeswalRBatraB, et al.Cholesterol biosensors: a review. Steroids2019; 143: 6–17.
8.
Van DorstBMehtaJBekaertK, et al.Recent advances in recognition elements of food and environmental biosensors: a review. Biosens Bioelectron2010; 26: 1178–1194.
9.
MiglioriniFLSanfeliceRCMercanteLA, et al.Urea impedimetric biosensing using electrospun nanofibers modified with zinc oxide nanoparticles. Appl Surf Sci2018; 443: 18–23.
10.
GuoZShinKKarkiAB, et al.Fabrication and characterization of iron oxide nanoparticles filled polypyrrole nanocomposites. J Nanopart Res2009; 11: 1441–1452.
11.
KhattiTNaderi-ManeshHKalantarSM. Polypyrrole-coated polycaprolactone-gelatin conductive nanofibers: fabrication and characterization. Mater Sci Eng B2019; 250: 114440.
12.
Castillo OrtegaMMQuiroz CastilloJMDel Castillo CastroT, et al.Aloe vera mucilage loaded gelatin electrospun fibers contained in polylactic acid coaxial system and polylactic acid and poly(e-caprolactone) tri-layer membranes for tissue engineering. Bio-Med Mater Eng2024; 35: 387–399.
13.
BiradarBRThathronNHanchateA, et al.Development of a cholesterol biosensor and energy storage system based on polypyrrole coated polyoxometalate. J Alloys Compd2025; 1016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2025.178994
14.
RamyaRThivyaPNathiyaD,et al.Polypyrrole and enzyme free cholesterol flakes based composite: Selective determination of theophylline. J Pharm Biomed Anal2021; 199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114065
15.
DeivanayakiSJayamuruganPAshokanS, et al.Growth of non-enzymatic cholesterol biosensor using TiO2 decorated graphene oxide with bare GCE and PPy-GCE. J Indian Chem Soc2023; 100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jics.2023.100906
16.
ThakurAPalSSharmaU, et al.Advanced TiO2-polypyrrole nanostructures enhance glucose detection accuracy with cutting-edge non-enzymatic electrochemical capabilities. Chem Phys Impact2025; 10: 100818.
17.
NagarajanASethuramanVSridharTM,et al.Development of au@NiO decorated polypyrrole composite for non-enzymatic electrochemical sensing of cholesterol. J Ind Eng Chem2023; 120: 460–466.
18.
AlagappanMImmanuelSSivasubramanianR,et al.Development of cholesterol biosensor using au nanoparticles decorated f-MWCNT covered with polypyrrole network. Arab J Chem2020; 13: 2001–2010.
19.
KohnWBeckeADParrRG. Density functional theory of electronic structure. J Phys Chem1996; 100: 12974–12980.
20.
AdamoCBaroneV. Toward reliable density functional methods without adjustable parameters: the PBE0 model. J Chem Phys1999; 110: 6158–6170.
LópezR. Capillary surfaces with free boundary in a wedge. Adv Math (N Y)2014; 262: 476–483.
24.
HerEHanSHaS-D. Development of poly(lactic acid)-based natural antimicrobial film incorporated with caprylic acid against Salmonella biofilm contamination in the meat industry. Int J Food Microbiol2024; 425: 110871.
25.
HusainAMahajanDK. Effect of multi-walled carbon nanotubes on DC electrical conductivity and acetone vapour sensing properties of polypyrrole. Carbon Trends2022; 9: 100193.
26.
PalaciosJCOlayoMGColín-OrozcoE, et al.Electropolimerización de polipirrol usando electrodos de titanio. Ideas en Ciencias de la Ingeniería2022; 1: 42–52.
27.
CarrilloIRasoMAMoraE, et al.Congreso Iberoamericano de Hidrógeno y Pilas de Combustible 2014, 2014.
28.
LiCPengYZhuY, et al.Improved thermoelectric performance in polypyrrole/Cu2SnS3 composites. Synth Met2024; 307: 117688.
29.
LiuZSunJSongH, et al.High performance polypyrrole/SWCNTs composite film as a promising organic thermoelectric material. RSC Adv2021; 11: 17704–17709.
30.
AhmadSKhanIHusainA, et al.Electrical conductivity based ammonia sensing properties of polypyrrole/MoS2 nanocomposite. Polymers (Basel)2020; 12: 3047.
31.
RochaMFBde AguiarMFVinhasGM, et al.Preparation and characterization of PLA/polypyrrole blends with antibacterial properties. Mater Res2023; 26: 1–8.
32.
RaghunathanSPNarayananSPouloseAC,et al.Flexible regenerated cellulose/polypyrrole composite films with enhanced dielectric properties. Carbohydr Polym2017; 157: 1024–1032.
33.
DuYXuJLinT. Single-walled carbon nanotube / polypyrrole thermoelectric composite materials. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci2018; 108: 22040.
34.
Leyva-VerduzcoAACastillo-OrtegaMMChan-ChanLH, et al.Electrospun tubes based on PLA, gelatin and genipin in different arrangements for blood vessel tissue engineering. Polym Bull2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-019-03057-7
35.
NoorUSaleemAFurqan MughalM, et al.Electrospun nanofibers synthesis enhancing the activity of energy storage devices/electrochemical and biosensor applications. Electroanalysis2024; 36: 1–41.
36.
YangZPengHWangW,et al.Preparation and characterization of composites of polyethylene with polypyrrole-coated wollastonite. J Appl Polym Sci2010; 116: 2658–2667.
37.
RodríguezÁ. Estudio del ángulo de contacto y de la mojabilidad a alta temperatura de fases líquidas en la sinterización de metales, p.114, 2010.
38.
ZadehKMLuytASZarifL, et al.Electrospun polylactic acid/date palm polyphenol extract nanofibres for tissue engineering applications. Emerg Mater2019; 2: 141–151.
39.
ThombareJVLoharGMShindeSK, et al.Synthesis, characterization and surface wettability study of polypyrrole films: effect of applied constant current density. Electron Mater Lett2015; 11: 266–270.
40.
OubellaMJadiSBenE, , et al.Effect of surface pretreatment on the polypyrrole coating of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene. Part A: synthesis and characterization. Prog Org Coat2024; 195: 108654.
41.
HajikhaniMEmam DjomehZAskariG. Lycopene loaded polylactic acid (PLA) and PLA/copolymer electrospun nanofibers, synthesis, characterization, and control release. J Food Process Preserv2021; 45: 0–3.
42.
RakshitMGhosalSJanaD,et al.Polypyrrole/tin sulfide hybrid nanocomposites as promising thermoelectric materials: a combined experimental and DFT study. ACS Appl Energy Mater2024; 7: 3983–3995.
43.
Flores LeónJRQuiroz CastilloJMRodríguez FélixDE, et al.Preparation and characterization of extruded PLA films coated with polyaniline or polypyrrole by in situ chemical polymerization. ACS Omega2023; 8: 43243–43253.
44.
CuiSMaoJRouabhiaM, et al.A biocompatible polypyrrole membrane for biomedical applications. RSC Adv2021; 11: 16996–17006.
45.
MalinauskasA. Chemical deposition of conducting polymers. Polymer2001; 42: 3957–3972.
46.
JohansonUMarandiMTammT,et al.Comparative study of the behavior of anions in polypyrrole films. Electrochim Acta2005; 50: 1523–1528.
47.
RamesanMTSanthiV. In situ synthesis, characterization, conductivity studies of polypyrrole/silver doped zinc oxide nanocomposites and their application for ammonia gas sensing. J Mater Sci Mater Electron2017; 28: 18804–18814.
48.
LiBQiaoYAnJ, et al.Synthesis, characterisation, and evaluation of core–shell Fe3O4/SiO2/polypyrrole composite nanoparticles. Micro Nano Lett2018; 13: 902–906.
49.
CaiC-CQinJZhuQ-K, et al.All-weather self-healing superhydrophobic coating functionalized with the cauliflower-like PPy and TiN on cotton fabric for efficient oil-water separation. Prog Org Coat2024; 194: 108566.
50.
ChenXDaiQQiuX, et al.New nanosensor fabricated on single nanopore electrode filled with prussian blue and graphene quantum dots coated by polypyrrole for hydrogen peroxide sensing. Talanta2024; 274: 126043.
51.
HeHGuoZ. Fabric-based superhydrophobic MXene@ polypyrrole heater with superior dual-driving energy conversion. J Colloid Interface Sci2023; 629: 508–521.
52.
YanMYaoYWenJ, et al.Construction of a hierarchical NiCo2S4 @PPy core–shell heterostructure nanotube array on Ni foam for a high-performance asymmetric supercapacitor. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces2016; 8: 24525–24535.
53.
DianatdarAMiolaMDe LucaO, et al.All-dry, one-step synthesis, doping and film formation of conductive polypyrrole. J Mater Chem C2022; 10: 557–570.
54.
CarrilloIde la BlancaESRedondoMI, et al.Influence of dopant anions on properties of polypyrrole nanocoated poly(styrene-co-methacrylic acid) particles. Synth Met2012; 162: 136–142.
55.
LuhakhraNTiwariSK. Polaron and bipolaron mediated photocatalytic activity of polypyrrole nanoparticles under visible light. Colloids Surf, A2023; 667: 131380.
BoberPCapákováZAcharyaU, et al.Highly conducting and biocompatible polypyrrole/poly(vinyl alcohol) cryogels. Synth Met2019; 252: 122–126.
58.
KumarROvesMAlmeelbiT, et al.Hybrid chitosan/polyaniline-polypyrrole biomaterial for enhanced adsorption and antimicrobial activity. J Colloid Interface Sci2017; 490: 488–496.
59.
HatamzadehMMohammad-RezaeiRJaymandM. Chemical and electrochemical grafting of polypyrrole onto thiophene-functionalized polystyrene macromonomer. Mater Sci Semicond Process2015; 31: 463–470.
60.
KaurGAdhikariRCassP, et al.Electrically conductive polymers and composites for biomedical applications. RSC Adv2015; 5: 37553–37567.
61.
ChoIWSonSUYangM,et al.Preparation of microporous MoS2@carbon nanospheres for the electrochemical detection of hydrogen peroxide. J Electroanal Chem2020; 876: 114739.
62.
LeeG-GHongH-G. Catalytically synthesized prussian blue by a one-step copolymerization of polydopamine-polypyrrole for electrochemical sensing of hydrogen peroxide. Electrochim Acta2023; 465: 142949.
63.
SinghSSinghMMitraK, et al.Electrochemical sensing of hydrogen peroxide using brominated graphene as mimetic catalase. Electrochim Acta2017; 258: 1435–1444.
64.
SinghSNumanAKhalidM, et al.Facile and affordable design of MXene-Co3O4 -based nanocomposites for detection of hydrogen peroxide in cancer cells: toward portable tool for cancer management. Small2023; 19. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202208209
65.
KaurGTomarMGuptaV. Development of a microfluidic electrochemical biosensor: prospect for point-of-care cholesterol monitoring. Sens Actuators, B2018; 261: 460–466.
66.
AhmadalinezhadAChenA. High-performance electrochemical biosensor for the detection of total cholesterol. Biosens Bioelectron2011; 26: 4508–4513.
67.
XuLHouYZhangM, et al.A novel electrochemical biosensor for detection of cholesterol. Russ J Electrochem2016; 52: 239–244.
