The creation of a 'civil society' was a common rallying cry in the 1980s in the struggles against the communist regimes of Eastern Europe, uniting opponents of the regimes from many perspectives. The achievement of this civil society in the transitional nations of contemporary Eastern Europe has, however, become more problematic. On the one hand, it is clear that the phrase is ambiguous and with multiple meaning for multiple constituencies. On the other hand, there is concern that it is being used as shorthand for the 'marketiz ation' of these societies by Western govern ments and aid agencies.
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