Biorefineries play a crucial role in the transition towards a circular economy by integrating biomass valorization into different products and energy sources. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the historical and technological advancements in the utilization of lignocellulosic biomass in biorefinery. It discusses the optimization of operational parameters at laboratory, pilot, and industrial scales, highlighting the progress made in bioenergy technologies. Furthermore, it addresses the global implementation of biorefinery by incorporating political aspects and their impacts. This study outlines insights and guidelines regarding future directions for the large-scale deployment of biorefinery, contributing to the promotion of an environmentally sustainable circular economy. Perspectives include enhancing process integration and developing innovative biomass conversion processes to further optimize biorefinery operations and maximize resource efficiency. Additionally, ongoing efforts to streamline regulatory frameworks and foster international collaboration will play a pivotal role in accelerating global implementation of biorefinery.
ShuklaPSkeaJBuendiaCE, et al.Climate Change and Land: An IPCC Special Report on Climate Change, Desertification, Land Degradation, Sustainable Land Management, Food Security, and Greenhouse Gas Fluxes in Terrestrial Ecosystems, https://www.ipcc.ch/srccl/ (2019, accessed 27 July 2025).
2.
PierrehumbertRT. Infrared radiation and planetary temperature. Phys Today2011; 64: 33–38.
3.
EbadianMvan DykSMcMillanJD, et al.Biofuels policies that have encouraged their production and use: an international perspective. Energy Policy2020; 147: 111906.
4.
AntarMLyuDNazariM, et al.Biomass for a sustainable bioeconomy: an overview of world biomass production and utilization. Renew Sustain Energy Rev2021; 139: 110691.
5.
KirchherrJReikeDHekkertM. Conceptualizing the circular economy: an analysis of 114 definitions. Resour Conserv Recycl2017; 127: 221–232.
6.
UbandoATFelixCBChenW-H. Biorefineries in circular bioeconomy: a comprehensive review. Bioresour Technol2020; 299: 122585.
7.
Solarte-ToroJCAlzateCAC. Biorefineries as the base for accomplishing the sustainable development goals (SDGs) and the transition to bioeconomy: technical aspects, challenges and perspectives. Bioresour Technol2021; 340: 125626.
8.
DragoneGKerssemakersAAJDriessenJLSP, et al.Innovation and strategic orientations for the development of advanced biorefineries. Bioresour Technol2020; 302: 122847.
9.
SinghviMSGokhaleDV. Lignocellulosic biomass: hurdles and challenges in its valorization. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol2019; 103: 9305–9320.
10.
VelvizhiGBalakumarKShettiNP, et al.Integrated biorefinery processes for conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to value added materials: paving a path towards circular economy. Bioresour Technol2022; 343: 126151.
11.
PatelAShahAR. Integrated lignocellulosic biorefinery: gateway for production of second generation ethanol and value added products. J Bioresour Bioprod2021; 6: 108–128.
12.
SinghNSinghaniaRRNigamPS, et al.Global status of lignocellulosic biorefinery: challenges and perspectives. Bioresour Technol2022; 344: 126415.
Sharma M, Kumar A. Promising biomass materials for biofuels in India's context. Mater Lett 2018; 220: 175–177.
16.
EsmaeiliSAHSobhaniASzmerekovskyJ, et al.First-generation vs. second-generation: a market incentives analysis for bioethanol supply chains with carbon policies. Appl Energy2020; 277: 115606.
17.
KocakEBilgiliFBulutU, et al.Is ethanol production responsible for the increase in corn prices?Renew Energy2022; 199: 689–696.
18.
KumarVSharmaNUmeshM, et al.Emerging challenges for the agro-industrial food waste utilization: a review on food waste biorefinery. Bioresour Technol2022; 362: 127790.
19.
ChenWWuFZhangJ. Potential production of non-food biofuels in China. Renew Energy2016; 85: 939–944.
20.
MagalhãesAICarvalhoJCMelo PereiraGV, et al.Lignocellulosic biomass from agro-industrial residues in South America: current developments and perspectives. Biofuels Bioprod Biorefin2019; 13: 1505–1519.
21.
KoutinasAAVlysidisAPleissnerD, et al.Valorization of industrial waste and by-product streams via fermentation for the production of chemicals and biopolymers. Chem Soc Rev2014; 43: 2587.
22.
Del RioDDFSovacoolBKGriffithsS, et al.Decarbonizing the pulp and paper industry: a critical and systematic review of sociotechnical developments and policy options. Renew Sustain Energy Rev2022; 167: 112706.
23.
SinghAKKumarAChandraR. Environmental pollutants of paper industry wastewater and their toxic effects on human health and ecosystem. Bioresour Technol Rep2022; 20: 101250.
24.
TarasovDLeitchMFatehiP. Lignin–carbohydrate complexes: properties, applications, analyses, and methods of extraction: a review. Biotechnol Biofuels2018; 11: 269.
25.
LiuXHiligsmannSGourdonR, et al.Anaerobic digestion of lignocellulosic biomasses pretreated with Ceriporiopsis subvermispora. J Environ Manage2017; 193: 154–162.
26.
HuangJDuYBaoT, et al.Production of n-butanol from cassava bagasse hydrolysate by engineered Clostridium tyrobutyricum overexpressing adhE2: kinetics and cost analysis. Bioresour Technol2019; 292: 121969.
27.
ZhangJMengQJiangR, et al.Enhancing methane production from distillers’ grains by cattle manure in solid-state anaerobic digestion: focusing on biodegradability, acidification and indigenous microorganisms. Environ Technol Innov2024; 36: 103870.
28.
VandenbergheLPSValladares-DiestraKKBittencourtGA, et al.Added-value biomolecules’ production from cocoa pod husks: a review. Bioresour Technol2022; 344: 126252.
29.
BattistaFZulianiLRizzioliF, et al.Biodiesel, biogas and fermentable sugars production from spent coffee grounds: a cascade biorefinery approach. Bioresour Technol2021; 342: 125952.
30.
LiuYXuLGaoS, et al.Enhanced enzymatic hydrolysis of corn stalk and corn cob with deep eutectic solvent pretreatment. Carbohydr Res2025; 555: 109548.
31.
DingJWengCZhaoL, et al.A clean biorefinery process for converting corn stover into hydrogen, electricity, and aromatic flavor compounds. Renew Energy2026; 256: 124006.
32.
KimHAhnYKwakS-Y. Comparing the influence of acetate and chloride anions on the structure of ionic liquid pretreated lignocellulosic biomass. Biomass Bioenergy2016; 93: 243–253.
33.
SernaLVDAlzateCEOAlzateCAC. Supercritical fluids as a green technology for the pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass. Bioresour Technol2016; 199: 113–120.
34.
HuangY-FChiuehP-TLoS-L. A review on microwave pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass. Sustain Environm Res2016; 26: 103–109.
35.
BittencourtGAVandenbergheLPSValladares-DiestraKK, et al.Soybean hull valorization for sugar production through the optimization of citric acid pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis. Ind Crops Prod2022; 186: 115178.
36.
KumarBBhardwajNAgrawalK, et al.Current perspective on pretreatment technologies using lignocellulosic biomass: an emerging biorefinery concept. Fuel Process Technol2020; 199: 106244.
37.
HassanSSWilliamsGAJaiswalAK. Emerging technologies for the pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass. Bioresour Technol2018; 262: 310–318.
38.
TreichelHFongaroGScapiniT, et al.Structure of residual biomass characterization. In: TreichelHFongaroGScapiniT (eds) Utilising biomass in biotechnology: a circular approach discussing the pretreatment of biomass, its applications and economic considerations. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020, pp.7–18.
39.
TreichelHFongaroGScapiniT, et al.Waste biomass pretreatment methods. In: TreichelHFongaroGScapiniT (eds) Utilising biomass in biotechnology. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020, pp.19–48.
40.
ZhaoZ-TDingJWangB-Y, et al.Advances in the biomass valorization in dark fermentation systems: a sustainable approach for biohydrogen production. Chem Eng J2024; 481: 148444.
41.
GalbeMWallbergO. Pretreatment for biorefineries: a review of common methods for efficient utilisation of lignocellulosic materials. Biotechnol Biofuels2019; 12: 294.
42.
AkramHAImranMJavaidA, et al.Pretreatment and catalytic conversion of lignocellulosic and algal biomass into biofuels by metal organic frameworks. Molecular Catalysis2023; 539: 112893.
43.
KonanDKoffiENdaoA, et al.An overview of extrusion as a pretreatment method of lignocellulosic biomass. Energies (Basel)2022; 15: 3002.
44.
Karimipour-FardPChioCBrunoneA, et al.Lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment: industrial oriented high-solid twin-screw extrusion method to improve biogas production from forestry biomass resources. Bioresour Technol2024; 393: 130000.
45.
JiaoTLiangFFangG, et al.An integrated pretreatment strategy for enhancing enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency of poplar: hydrothermal treatment followed by a twin-screw extrusion. Ind Crops Prod2024; 211: 118169.
46.
BaruahJNathBKSharmaR, et al.Recent trends in the pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for value-added products. Front Energy Res2018; 6: 1–19.
47.
ChaiYTongZAl-DhabiNA, et al.Upgrading lignocellulosic biomass to high-value products through the pretreatment driven by bio-based ethylene glycol solvent. Chem Eng J2024; 496: 153797.
48.
HoangATNižetićSOngHC, et al.Insight into the recent advances of microwave pretreatment technologies for the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into sustainable biofuel. Chemosphere2021; 281: 130878.
49.
AnoopkumarANReshmyRAneeshEM, et al.Progress and challenges of microwave-assisted pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass from circular bioeconomy perspectives. Bioresour Technol2023; 369: 128459.
50.
JablonowskiNDPaulyMDamaM. Microwave assisted pretreatment of Szarvasi (Agropyron elongatum) biomass to enhance enzymatic saccharification and direct glucose production. Front Plant Sci2022; 12: 767254.
51.
BizziCASantosDSiebenTC, et al.Furfural production from lignocellulosic biomass by ultrasound-assisted acid hydrolysis. Ultrason Sonochem2019; 51: 332–339.
52.
SantosDSilvaUFDuarteFA, et al.Ultrasound-assisted acid hydrolysis of cellulose to chemical building blocks: application to furfural synthesis. Ultrason Sonochem2018; 40: 81–88.
53.
SarataleGDSarataleRGVarjaniS, et al.Development of ultrasound aided chemical pretreatment methods to enrich saccharification of wheat waste biomass for polyhydroxybutyrate production and its characterization. Ind Crops Prod2020; 150: 112425.
54.
ZhangBLiuXBaoJ. High solids loading pretreatment: the core of lignocellulose biorefinery as an industrial technology – an overview. Bioresour Technol2023; 369: 128334.
55.
VenturinBBonattoCDamacenoFM, et al.Physical, chemical, and biological substrate pretreatments to enhance biogas yield. In: TreichelHFongaroG (eds) Improving biogas production: technological challenges, alternative sources, future developments. Springer, 2019, pp.25–44.
56.
XuHZhaoJXieJ, et al.Super diluted mixture alkali (SDMA) pretreatment for cornstalk anaerobic digestion: a green strategy for high-solid biogas production. Fuel2024; 362: 130818.
57.
ZhangYLiQChenY, et al.Effects of facile chemical pretreatments on physical-chemical properties of large clustered and small monopodial bamboo microfibers isolated by steam explosion. Ind Crops Prod2024; 207: 117747.
58.
TitiriEFilippiKGiannakisN, et al.Optimisation of alkaline pretreatment of spent coffee grounds for microbial oil production by Cryptococcus curvatus.Biochem Eng J2023; 193: 108841.
59.
BajpaiP. Carbohydrate chemistry. In: BajpaiP (ed.) Biermann’s handbook of pulp and paper. Elsevier, 2018, pp.363–371.
60.
TongWFangHSongK, et al.Modified acid pretreatment to alter physicochemical properties of biomass for full cellulose/hemicellulose utilization. Carbohydr Polym2023; 299: 120182.
61.
ZhangXZhuJSunL, et al.Extraction and characterization of lignin from corncob residue after acid-catalyzed steam explosion pretreatment. Ind Crops Prod2019; 133: 241–249.
62.
AminiEVallsCRonceroMB. Ionic liquid-assisted bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass for the development of value-added products. J Clean Prod2021; 326: 129275.
63.
HalderPKunduSPatelS, et al.Progress on the pre-treatment of lignocellulosic biomass employing ionic liquids. Renew Sustain Energy Rev2019; 105: 268–292.
64.
ImJLeeSJoI, et al.Structural characteristics and thermal properties of regenerated cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin after being dissolved in ionic liquids. J Ind Eng Chem2022; 107: 365–375.
65.
Brandt-TalbotAGschwendFJVFennellPS, et al.An economically viable ionic liquid for the fractionation of lignocellulosic biomass. Green Chem2017; 19: 3078–3102.
66.
NazSUroosMAyoubM. Cost-effective processing of carbon-rich materials in ionic liquids: an expeditious approach to biofuels. ACS Omega2021; 6: 29233–29242.
67.
NorfarhanaASIlyasRANgadiN, et al.Revolutionizing lignocellulosic biomass: a review of harnessing the power of ionic liquids for sustainable utilization and extraction. Int J Biol Macromol2024; 256: 128256.
68.
NishidaVSWoiciechowskiALValladares-DiestraKK, et al.Second generation bioethanol production from soybean hulls pretreated with imidazole as a new solvent. Fermentation2023; 9: 93.
69.
Valladares-DiestraKKPorto de Souza VandenbergheLNishidaVS, et al.Integrated sugarcane biorefinery for first- and second-generation bioethanol production using imidazole pretreatment. J Clean Prod2022; 381: 135179.
70.
TorresLAZWoiciechowskiALNishidaVS, et al.Imidazole pretreatment of oil palm empty fruit bunches for ethanol and succinic acid co-production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pichia stipitis. Bioenergy Res2022; 16: 990–1000.
71.
SavianCMWoiciechowskiALScapiniT, et al.Imidazole as a new strategy in the lignocellulosic pretreatment: an application in corn sub-products with a focus on bioenergy production. Biomass Bioenergy2024; 183: 107075.
72.
RabeloSCNakasuPYSScopelE, et al.Organosolv pretreatment for biorefineries: current status, perspectives, and challenges. Bioresour Technol2023; 369: 128331.
73.
SoltaninejadAJaziniMKarimiK. Biorefinery for efficient xanthan gum, ethanol, and biogas production from potato crop residues. Biomass Bioenergy2022; 158: 106354.
74.
SarkarORovaUChristakopoulosP, et al.Organosolv pretreated birch sawdust for the production of green hydrogen and renewable chemicals in an integrated biorefinery approach. Bioresour Technol2022; 344: 126164.
75.
IslamMKThaemngoenALauCY, et al.Staged organosolv pretreatment to increase net energy and reactive lignin yield in whole oil palm tree biorefinery. Bioresour Technol2021; 326: 124766.
76.
de VrijeTDussanKvan de VondervoortRHAM, et al.Bioethanol production from organosolv treated beech wood chips obtained at pilot scale. Biomass Bioenergy2024; 181: 107003.
77.
da SilvaARGErricoMRongB-G. Techno-economic analysis of organosolv pretreatment process from lignocellulosic biomass. Clean Technol Environ Policy2018; 20: 1401–1412.
78.
LiuJJiangXLiZ, et al.Parametric studies on pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass via deep eutectic solvents: enhancing densified pellet quality. Ind Crops Prod2024; 208: 117850.
79.
del Mar Contreras-GámezMGalán-MartínÁSeixasN, et al.Deep eutectic solvents for improved biomass pretreatment: current status and future prospective towards sustainable processes. Bioresour Technol2023; 369: 128396.
80.
TravainiRMartín-JuárezJLorenzo-HernandoA, et al.Ozonolysis: an advantageous pretreatment for lignocellulosic biomass revisited. Bioresour Technol2016; 199: 2–12.
81.
PerroneOMMorettiMMSBordignonSE, et al.Improving cellulosic ethanol production using ozonolysis and acid as a sugarcane biomass pretreatment in mild conditions. Bioresour Technol Rep2021; 13: 100628.
82.
YingWZhuJXuY, et al.High solid loading enzymatic hydrolysis of acetic acid-peroxide/acetic acid pretreated poplar and cellulase recycling. Bioresour Technol2021; 340: 125624.
83.
ChenHLiuJChangX, et al.A review on the pretreatment of lignocellulose for high-value chemicals. Fuel Process Technol2017; 160: 196–206.
84.
KumarAKSharmaS. Recent updates on different methods of pretreatment of lignocellulosic feedstocks: a review. Bioresour Bioprocess2017; 4: 7.
85.
RuizHAConradMSunS-N, et al.Engineering aspects of hydrothermal pretreatment: from batch to continuous operation, scale-up and pilot reactor under biorefinery concept. Bioresour Technol2020; 299: 122685.
86.
LarnaudieVFerrariMDLareoC. Life cycle assessment of ethanol produced in a biorefinery from liquid hot water pretreated switchgrass. Renew Energy2021; 176: 606–616.
87.
KangXZhangYLinR, et al.Optimization of liquid hot water pretreatment on hybrid Pennisetum anaerobic digestion and its effect on energy efficiency. Energy Convers Manag2020; 210: 112718.
88.
PielhopTAmgartenJvon RohrPR, et al.Steam explosion pretreatment of softwood: the effect of the explosive decompression on enzymatic digestibility. Biotechnol Biofuels2016; 9: 152.
89.
RuizHAGalbeMGarroteG, et al.Severity factor kinetic model as a strategic parameter of hydrothermal processing (steam explosion and liquid hot water) for biomass fractionation under biorefinery concept. Bioresour Technol2021; 342: 125961.
90.
RodionovaMVBozievaAMZharmukhamedovSK, et al.A comprehensive review on lignocellulosic biomass biorefinery for sustainable biofuel production. Int J Hydrog Energy2022; 47: 1481–1498.
91.
MohammadiMAlianMDaleB, et al.Multifaced application of AFEX-pretreated biomass in producing second-generation biofuels, ruminant animal feed, and value-added bioproducts. Biotechnol Adv2024; 72: 108341.
92.
ChaudharyGChaudharyNSainiS, et al.Assessment of pretreatment strategies for valorization of lignocellulosic biomass: path forwarding towards lignocellulosic biorefinery. Waste Biomass Valorization2024; 15: 1–36.
93.
AlawadIIbrahimH. Pretreatment of agricultural lignocellulosic biomass for fermentable sugar: opportunities, challenges, and future trends. Biomass Convers Biorefin2024; 14: 6155–6183.
94.
BittencourtGAVandenbergheLPSValladares-DiestraKK, et al.Integrated soybean hull biorefinery with citric acid-catalyzed hydrothermal pretreatment for L-lactic acid and xylooligosaccharide production. Bioenergy Res2024; 17: 1648–1661.
95.
TaqiAFarcotERobinsonJP, et al.Understanding microwave heating in biomass-solvent systems. Chem Eng J2020; 393: 124741.
96.
ZhuZLiuYGómezLD, et al.Thermochemical pretreatments of maize stem for sugar recovery: comparative evaluation of microwave and conventional heating. Ind Crops Prod2021; 160: 113106.
97.
DharmarajaJShobanaSArvindnarayanS, et al.Lignocellulosic biomass conversion via greener pretreatment methods towards biorefinery applications. Bioresour Technol2023; 369: 128328.
98.
PeriyasamySBeula IsabelJKavithaS, et al.Recent advances in consolidated bioprocessing for conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into bioethanol – a review. Chem Eng J2023; 453: 139783.
99.
FerdeșMDincăMNMoiceanuG, et al.Microorganisms and enzymes used in the biological pretreatment of the substrate to enhance biogas production: a review. Sustainability2020; 12: 7205.
100.
ChakrabortyPKumarRChakraborttyS, et al.Technological advancements in the pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for effective valorization: a review of challenges and prospects. J Ind Eng Chem2024; 137: 29–60.
101.
AboloreRSJaiswalSJaiswalAK. Green and sustainable pretreatment methods for cellulose extraction from lignocellulosic biomass and its applications: a review. Carbohydr Polym Technol Appl2024; 7: 100396.
102.
Naresh KumarMRavikumarRKirupa SankarM, et al.New insight into the effect of fungal mycelia present in the bio-pretreated paddy straw on their enzymatic saccharification and optimization of process parameters. Bioresour Technol2018; 267: 291–302.
103.
MachadoASFerrazA. Biological pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse with basidiomycetes producing varied patterns of biodegradation. Bioresour Technol2017; 225: 17–22.
104.
RamosJRojasTNavarroF, et al.Enzymatic and fungal treatments on sugarcane bagasse for the production of mechanical pulps. J Agric Food Chem2004; 52: 5057–5062.
105.
BittencourtGAVandenbergheLPSMartínez-BurgosWJ, et al.Emerging contaminants bioremediation by enzyme and nanozyme-based processes – a review. iScience2023; 26: 106785.
106.
VelvizhiGJacquelinePJShettiNP, et al.Emerging trends and advances in valorization of lignocellulosic biomass to biofuels. J Environ Manage2023; 345: 118527.
107.
WangGDaiYYangH, et al.A review of recent advances in biomass pyrolysis. Energy Fuels2020; 34: 15557–15578.
108.
CavaliMBenbelkacemHKimB, et al.Co-hydrothermal carbonization of pine residual sawdust and non-dewatered sewage sludge – effect of reaction conditions on hydrochar characteristics. J Environ Manage2023; 340: 117994.
109.
YouSSikYChenSS, et al.A critical review on sustainable biochar system through gasification: energy and environmental applications. Bioresour Technol2017; 246: 242–253.
110.
WangYWuJJ. Thermochemical conversion of biomass: potential future prospects. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev2023; 187: 113754.
111.
Van DykJSPletschkeBI. A review of lignocellulose bioconversion using enzymatic hydrolysis and synergistic cooperation between enzymes—factors affecting enzymes, conversion and synergy. Biotechnol Adv2012; 30: 1458–1480.
112.
JoshiRSharmaRKuilaA. Bioreactor design for efficient biofuels production from lignocellulosic biomass. In: Genetic and Metabolic Engineering for Improved Biofuel Production from Lignocellulosic Biomass. Elsevier, 2020, pp.193–206.
113.
SeoHSinghPWymanCE, et al.Consolidated bioprocessing of lignocellulosic biomass poplar to produce short-chain esters by Clostridium thermocellum. BioRxiv, 2023.
114.
ItoDKitamuraKHigashiK, et al.Stable cellulolytic activity of Clostridium thermocellum against cellulosic biomass pretreated with ionic liquid 1-ethyl 3-methylimidazolium acetate. Bioresour Technol Rep2024; 25: 101739.
115.
SinghHTomarSQureshiKA, et al.Recent advances in biomass pretreatment technologies for biohydrogen production. Energies (Basel)2022; 15: 999.
116.
KumariSDasD. Biohythane production from sugarcane bagasse and water hyacinth: a way towards promising green energy production. J Clean Prod2019; 207: 689–701.
117.
SugiartoSPongRRTanYC, et al.Advances in sustainable polymeric materials from lignocellulosic biomass. Mater Today Chem2022; 26: 101022.
118.
UN. United Nations Organization. The millennium development goals report. 2015; 75.
119.
VandenbergheLPSValladares-DiestraKKBittencourtGA, et al.Beyond sugar and ethanol: the future of sugarcane biorefineries in Brazil. Renew Sustain Energy Rev2022; 167: 112721.
120.
ScapiniTdos SantosMSNBonattoC, et al.Hydrothermal pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for hemicellulose recovery. Bioresour Technol2021: 126033.
121.
CerviWRLamparelliRACSeabraJEA, et al.Spatial assessment of the techno-economic potential of bioelectricity production from sugarcane straw. Renew Energy2020; 156: 1313–1324.
Magalhães JúniorAISoccolCRCamaraMC, et al.Challenges in the production of second-generation organic acids (potential monomers for application in biopolymers). Biomass Bioenergy2021; 149: 106092.
124.
Grand View Research. Lactic Acid Market Size, Share & Trends Analysis Report By Raw Material (Sugarcane, Corn, Cassava), By Application (PLA, Food & Beverages, Personal Care, Pharmaceuticals), By Region, And Segment Forecasts, 2022–2030, https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/lactic-acid-and-poly-lactic-acid-market (2022, accessed 13 December 2022).
125.
López-GómezJPPérez-RiveroCVenusJ. Valorisation of solid biowastes: the lactic acid alternative. Process Biochem2020; 99: 222–235.
126.
MedinaJDCAlomiaFBMagalhaesAI, et al.Simulation of different biorefinery configuration including environmental, technical and economic assay using sugarcane bagasse. J Clean Prod2021; 316: 128162.
127.
MedinaJDCWoiciechowskiALFilhoAZ, et al.Energetic and economic analysis of ethanol, xylitol and lignin production using oil palm empty fruit bunches from a Brazilian factory. J Clean Prod2018; 195: 44–55.
128.
IEA Bioenergy. International Energy Agency - Bioenergy: Task 42 Biorefining in a circular economy, https://task42.ieabioenergy.com/ (2022, accessed 13 December 2022).
129.
Lantmännen. Agroetanol shifts to produce ethanol for hand sanitizer, www.lantmannen.com (2020, accessed 13 December 2022).
YadavASharmaVTsaiM-L, et al.Development of lignocellulosic biorefineries for the sustainable production of biofuels: towards circular bioeconomy. Bioresour Technol2023; 381: 129145.
PapaGScagliaBD’ImporzanoG, et al.Valorizing the organic fraction of municipal solid waste by producing black soldier fly larvae and biomethane in a biorefinery approach. J Clean Prod2022; 379: 134422.
145.
Keerthana DeviMManikandanSOviyapriyaM, et al.Recent advances in biogas production using agro-industrial waste: a comprehensive review outlook of techno-economic analysis. Bioresour Technol2022; 363: 127871.
MenezesCAAlmeidaPSAugustoIMG, et al.A techno-economic assessment of hydrogen and methane production from the anaerobic treatment of vinasse and glycerol: single- vs. two-stage process. Process Saf Environ Prot2024; 187: 950–961.
148.
ArtifonWBonattoCBordinER, et al.Bioethanol production from hydrolyzed lignocellulosic after detoxification via adsorption with activated carbon and dried air stripping. Front Bioeng Biotechnol2018; 6: 107.
149.
LiMFengSWuL, et al.Sugar-rich sweet sorghum is distinctively affected by wall polymer features for biomass digestibility and ethanol fermentation in bagasse. Bioresour Technol2014; 167: 14–23.
150.
GuragainYNGaneshKMBansalS, et al.Low-lignin mutant biomass resources: effect of compositional changes on ethanol yield. Ind Crops Prod2014; 61: 1–8.
151.
DuJLiYZhangH, et al.Factors to decrease the cellulose conversion of enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulose at high solid concentrations. Cellulose2014; 21: 2409–2417.
152.
TavaresDCavaliMTanobeVOA, et al.Lignin from residual sawdust of Eucalyptus spp.—isolation, characterization, and evaluation of the antioxidant properties. Biomass2022; 2: 195–208.
153.
MaCKimT-HLiuK, et al.Multifunctional lignin-based composite materials for emerging applications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol2021; 9: 708976.
154.
TorresLAZWoiciechowskiALTanobeVOA, et al.Lignin as a potential source of high-added value compounds: a review. J Clean Prod2020; 263: 121499.
155.
Aristizábal-MarulandaVCardonaACA. Experimental production of ethanol, electricity, and furfural under the biorefinery concept. Chem Eng Sci2021; 229: 116047.
156.
Alcocer-GarciaHSegovia-HernandezJGSanchez-RamirezE, et al.Coordinated markets for furfural and levulinic acid from residual biomass: a case study in Guanajuato, Mexico. Comput Chem Eng2022; 156: 107568.
157.
QiaoHHanMOuyangS, et al.An integrated lignocellulose biorefinery process: two-step sequential treatment with formic acid for efficiently producing ethanol and furfural from corn cobs. Renew Energy2022; 191: 775–784.
158.
ZhangHHouLZhangW, et al.Coupling process for preparing biomass-based furfural and levulinic acid from corncob: extraction, green chemistry and techno-economic assessment. Bioresour Technol2024; 394: 130301.
159.
ZangGShahAWanC. Techno-economic analysis of an integrated biorefinery strategy based on one-pot biomass fractionation and furfural production. J Clean Prod2020; 260: 120837.
160.
HolladayJEBozellJJWhiteJF, et al.Top Value-Added Chemicals from Biomass – Volume II—Results of Screening for Potential Candidates from Biorefinery Lignin, https://www1.eere.energy.gov/bioenergy/pdfs/pnnl-16983.pdf (2007, accessed 13 December 2022).
161.
YooCGMengXPuY, et al.The critical role of lignin in lignocellulosic biomass conversion and recent pretreatment strategies: a comprehensive review. Bioresour Technol2020; 301: 122784.
162.
PanZLiYZhangZ, et al.Fractionation of light-colored lignin via lignin-first strategy and enhancement of cellulose saccharification towards biomass valorization. Ind Crops Prod2022; 186: 115173.
163.
CavaliMSoccolCRTavaresD, et al.Valorization of lignin from pine (Pinus spp.) residual sawdust: antioxidant activity and application in the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles for antibacterial purpose. Biomass Convers Biorefin2023; 13: 10051–10063.
164.
ChauhanPSAgrawalRSatlewalA, et al.Next generation applications of lignin derived commodity products, their life cycle, techno-economics and societal analysis. Int J Biol Macromol2022; 197: 179–200.
165.
CavaliMSoccolCRTavaresD, et al.Effect of sequential acid-alkaline treatment on physical and chemical characteristics of lignin and cellulose from pine (Pinus spp.) residual sawdust. Bioresour Technol2020; 316: 123884.
166.
MankarARPandeyAModakA, et al.Pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass: a review on recent advances. Bioresour Technol2021; 334: 125235.
167.
ZhaoLSunZ-FZhangC-C, et al.Advances in pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for bioenergy production: challenges and perspectives. Bioresour Technol2022; 343: 126123.
168.
HaldarDPurkaitMK. A review on the environment-friendly emerging techniques for pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass: mechanistic insight and advancements. Chemosphere2021; 264: 128523.
169.
PlattRBauenAReumermanP, et al.EU Biorefinery Outlook to 2030 – Studies on support to research and innovation policy in the area of bio-based products and services, https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2777/103465 (2021, accessed 27 July 2025).
170.
ChaturvediTHulkkoLSSFredsgaardM, et al.Extraction, isolation, and purification of value-added chemicals from lignocellulosic biomass. Processes2022; 10: 1752.
171.
MthembuLGuptaRDeenadayaluN. Conversion of cellulose into value-added products. In: SandABangaS (eds) Cellulose science and derivatives. London: IntechOpen, 2021.
172.
AjaoOMarinovaMSavadogoO, et al.Hemicellulose based integrated forest biorefineries: Implementation strategies. Ind Crops Prod2018; 126: 250–260.
173.
AlbuquerqueEMFragaMA. Production of platform chemicals and high value products from hemicellulose. In: BrienzoM (ed.) Hemicellulose biorefinery: a sustainable solution for value addition to bio-based products and bioenergy. Singapore: Springer, 2022, pp.361–397.
174.
CavaliMJuniorNLMohedanoRDA, et al.Biochar and hydrochar in the context of anaerobic digestion for a circular approach: an overview. Sci Total Environ2022; 822: 153614.
175.
FigueirêdoMBHitaIDeussPJ, et al.Pyrolytic lignin: a promising biorefinery feedstock for the production of fuels and valuable chemicals. Green Chem2022; 24: 4680–4702.
176.
CavaliMLibardi JuniorNde SenaJD, et al.A review on hydrothermal carbonization of potential biomass wastes, characterization and environmental applications of hydrochar, and biorefinery perspectives of the process. Sci Total Environ2023; 857: 159627.
177.
AkbarianAAndoozAKowsariE, et al.Challenges and opportunities of lignocellulosic biomass gasification in the path of circular bioeconomy. Bioresour Technol2022; 362: 127774.
178.
LouwJDogbeESYangB, et al.Prioritisation of biomass-derived products for biorefineries based on economic feasibility: a review on the comparability of techno-economic assessment results. Renew Sustain Energy Rev2023; 188: 113840.
179.
HaldarDDeyPThomasJ, et al.One pot bioprocessing in lignocellulosic biorefinery: a review. Bioresour Technol2022; 365: 128180.
180.
AdomFDunnJBHanJ, et al.Life-cycle fossil energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions of bioderived chemicals and their conventional counterparts. Environ Sci Technol2014; 48: 14624–14631.
181.
Mousavi-AvvalSHSahooKNepalP, et al.Environmental impacts and techno-economic assessments of biobased products: a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev2023; 180: 113302.
