Global water blotting is crucial for our collective progress, as it originates from various sources and has been purified using various methods in the past. The methods used for removing metal contaminants were found to be subpar, particularly under low water pressure. This article explores the use of nanomolecules and their properties and processes in water purification, highlighting the emergence of nanotechnology. This article is the first to comprehensively discuss the environmental impacts of various purification mechanisms, as previous articles have not extensively explored these topics. The study investigates the use of molecules, their mechanisms, environmental and health implications, opportunities, and potential research avenues. The efficacy of each section is determined by a comprehensive analysis of its advantages and disadvantages, along with a detailed discussion of its multifunctional properties. The review discusses challenges and innovations in nanocomposite-based water purification, focusing on the efficient removal of contaminants using carbon nanotubes, graphene oxide, and biochar. It also discusses developments in membrane modification, photocatalysis, and adsorption techniques.
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