This and other articles in this issue consider some of the many ways men have muffled women's voices and writing, and some of the many ways women have struggled to tell stories, critique literacy programs, record our histories, publish our truths, create networks, and revise our languages. Some of the specific ways women have been silenced include: ridicule, enforcement of family hierarchies, male-controlled media, anti-woman educational policies, making women's bodies political battlegrounds, censorship, racism, homophobia, and terrorism. Some of the ways women have broken silence are through the analysis of silencing tactics, the re-evaluation of `trivial' discourse, creative code-switching, linguistic creativity, and the organization of women's presses.
Accad, Evelyne (1990) Sexuality and War: Literary Masks of the Middle East. New York: New York University Press.
2.
Agosin, Marjorie (1987) `A Challenge to Silence', Woman of Power7 (summer): 36-37, 74.
3.
Basso, K.H. (1972) `To Give Up On Words: Silence in Western Apache Culture', in Pier Paolo Giglioli (ed.) Language and Social Context, pp. 67-86. New York: Penguin.
4.
Bersianik, Louky (1985) `Women's Work', in Ann Dybikowski, Victoria Freeman, Daphne Marlatt, Barbara Pulling and Betsy Warland (eds) In the Feminine: Women and Words/Les Femmes et les mots, pp. 155-165. Vancouver, BC: Longspoon Press.
5.
Brant, Beth (1985) `Coming Out as Indian Lesbian Writers', in Ann Dybikowski, Victoria Freeman, Daphne Marlatt, Barbara Pulling and Betsy Warland (eds) In the Feminine: Women and Words/Les Femmes et les mots. Vancouver, BC: Longspoon Press.
Christian, Barbara (1987) `The Race for Theory', Cultural Critique6: 51-53.
8.
Cole, Johnetta B. (1979) `The Revolution Within the Revolution: Women in Cuba', in Beverly Lindsey (ed.) Comparative Perspectives of Third World Women, pp. 162-178. New York: Praeger.
9.
Diamond, Sara (1985) `How Class Affects Women's Writing', in Ann Dybikowski, Victoria Freeman, Daphne Marlatt, Barbara Pulling and Betsy Warland (eds) In the Feminine: Women and Words/Les femmes et les mots. Vancouver, BC: Longspoon Press.
10.
Foss, Karen and Foss, Sonja K., eds (1991) Women Speak: The Eloquence of Women's Lives. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press.
11.
Griffin, Connie (1987) `Relearning to Trust Ourselves: An Interview with Chief Wilma Mankiller, Tahlequa, Oklahoma', Woman of Power7 (summer): 38-40, 72-74.
12.
hooks, bell (1990) `Feminism and Racism: The Struggle Continues', Z Magazine3(7) (July/August): 41-43.
13.
Houston Stanback, Marsha (1983) `Code-switching in Black Women's Speech', PhD dissertation, University of Massachusetts.
14.
Hubbard, Ruth (1990) `Women's Bodies as Battlegrounds', Woman of Power18 (Fall): 10-14.
15.
Jarowski, Adam (1988) `Silence'. Manuscript, Institute of English, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-874 Poznan, Poland.
16.
Kalik, Susan (1977) ` “... like Ann's Gynecologist or The Time I Was Almost Raped” ', Journal of American Folklore88: 3-11.
17.
Kramarae, Cheris and Treichler, Paula A. with Russo, Ann (1985) A Feminist Dictionary. London: Pandora Press; San Francisco: Harper Collins.
18.
Medicine, Bea (1987) `The Role of American Indian Women in Cultural Continuity and Transition', in Joyce Penfield (ed.) Women and Language in Transition. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.
19.
O'Neill, Kate (1990) `Women's Bodies as Battlegrounds: An Interview with Ruth Hubbard', Woman of Power18 (Fall): 10-14.
20.
Osofsky, Gilbert , ed. (1969) Puttin' On Ole Massa: The Slave Narratives of Henry Bibb, William Wells Brown, and Solomon Northrup. New York: Harper and Row.
21.
Rakow, Lana (1990) `Gender and Race in the Classroom: Teaching Way Out of Line', Teaching Forum12(1) (December).
22.
Rakow, Lana and Kramarae, Cheris, eds (1990) Revolution in Words: Righting Women 1868-1871. London and New York: Routledge.
23.
Rich, Adrienne (1978) `The Transformation of Silence into Language and Action (A Panel Discussion)', Sinister Wisdom6: 17-25.
24.
Smith, Barbara (1990) `The NEA is the Least of It', The American Voice21: 95-104.
25.
Spender, Dale (1990) `Sounds of Silence', The American Voice21: 106-111.
26.
Spitzak, Carole (1990) Confessing Excess: Women and the Politics of Body Reduction. Albany: SUNY Press.
27.
Thorne, Barrie (1989) `Rethinking the Ways We Teach', in Carol S. Pearson, Donna Shavlik and Judith Touchton (eds) Educating the Majority, pp. 311-325. New York: AEC/Macmillan.
28.
Torres, Lourdes (in press) `Women and Language: From Sex Differences to Power Dynamics', in Cheris Kramarae and Dale Spender (eds) Knowledge Explosion: Generations of Feminist Scholarship. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
29.
Wallace, Michele (1990) Invisibility Blues: From Pop to Theory. London: Verso.
30.
Warland, Betsy (1990) `f.) is sure', in The Telling It Book Collective (eds) Telling It: Women and Language across Cultures, pp. 31-36. Vancouver, BC: Press Gang Publishers.
