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Abstract

This article investigates the use of a multi-state optimal power flow algorithm that simultaneously optimises the capacity utilisation of micro-generators to produce electricity in combination with the provision of spinning/standing reserve. The optimisation will consider various market data including energy and reserve markets, operating cost and technical characteristics of micro-generators, network constraints to optimise the dispatch and allocation of reserves. Two operating states are considered: (a) one base case where the reserve contracts are allocated to micro-generators but have not been exercised and (b) another state where all scheduled reserve is utilised. The optimal power flow algorithm will ensure that in both states, the system can be operated securely and no network operating limits/constraints are violated. We demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed optimal power flow through a number of case studies on a low-voltage system. The studies demonstrate that micro-generators are capable to contribute to both local and system support services, particularly, in the forms of reserve and voltage control while simultaneously optimising the portfolio of energy production in order to maximise the benefits for the owners of micro-generators and improve the efficiency of the overall system.

Keywords

Distribution network micro-generator operating reserves optimal power flow smart grid

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Maximising the utilisation of micro-generation using a multi-state optimal power flow

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