Optimize the layout of emergency departments in hospitals to reduce noise

Abstract

This study addresses the critical issue of noise pollution in the Emergency Departments (EDs) of a high-volume tertiary hospital in China, proposing and validating a novel “layout-driven noise reduction” approach. Through a comprehensive mixed-methods approach combining 480-h objective acoustic measurements, subjective perceptual surveys from both healthcare staff and patients/visitors, and quantitative spatial analysis, we identified persistent noise levels exceeding national standards—with average equivalent sound pressure levels (Leq) ranging from 62.2 to 67.0 dB(A) across four typical areas. Patient/visitors conversation (37.9%) and broadcast announcements (21.4%), were dominant perceived sources. The core innovation lies in the introduction of three statistical indicators—Openness Index (OI), Flow Density (FD), and Zoning Index (ZI)—which revealed strong, statistically significant correlations with measured noise levels (OI vs. Leq: r = 0.954, p = .046; FD vs. Leq: r = 0.969, p = .031; ZI vs. Leq: r = −0.988, p = .012). These indicators provide an evidence-based framework to translate abstract design concepts into actionable noise control strategies. Acoustic simulations using COMSOL Multiphysics® further demonstrated that targeted layout interventions can achieve substantial noise reductions of up to 7.8 dB(A). This study advocates shifting the focus of noise control from post-construction acoustic treatment to proactive, source-based design optimization. It provides architects and healthcare administrators with an effective approach for evaluating and refining design solutions, aiming to create quieter, more recovery-friendly emergency environments that enhance communication, reduce stress, and support clinical efficiency.