Alienists' wives: the unusual case of Mrs John Conolly

A. Digby , Madness, Morality and Medicine. A Study of the York Retreat, 1796-1914 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985).

A. Foss and K. Trick , St Andrew's Hospital Northampton. The First 150 Years (1838-1988 ( Cambridge: Granta Editions, 1989 ).

L.D. Smith , 'A worthy feeling Gentleman: Samuel Hitch at Gloucester Asylum, 1828-1847 ', in H. Freeman and G. Berrios (eds), 150 Years of British Psychiatry, Vol.II: The Aftermath (London: Athlone Press, 1996), 479-99.

P. Baily , 'A brief historical survey of Hanwell Asylum', Journal of Mental Science, lvi, No.234 (1910), 558-68.

H. Martineau , 'The Hanwell Lunatic Asylum', Tait's Edinburgh Magazine (1834), 305-10.

Review Article IV, Sir W.C. Ellis. 'A Treatise on the Nature, Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment of Insanity, with practical observations on Lunatic Asylums, and a description of the Pauper Lunatic Asylum for the County of Middlesex, at Hanwell, with a detached account of its management', Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal, 1 ( 1838), 242-64.

J.G. Millingen , County of Middlesex Pauper Lunatic Asylum. A Letter to the Rate-Payers of the County of Middlesex (London: Schulze & Co., 1839).

A. Walk , 'The history of mental nursing', The Journal of Mental Science, cvii, No.446 (1961), 1-17.

J. Conolly (1856), Treatment of the Insane without Mechanical Restraints , Facsimile Edition (Folkstone : Dawsons, 1973), 274.

See for example H. Maudsley , 'Memoir of the late John Conolly, M.D ', Journal of Mental Science, xii, No.57 (1866), 157-74

; Sir James Clark , A Memoir of John Conolly, M.D., D.C.L., Comprising a Sketch of the Treatment of the Insane in Europe and America (London: John Murray, 1869)

; P. Baily , 'A brief historical survey of Hanwell Asylum', Journal of Mental Science, lvi, No.234 (1910), 558-68

; A. Walk , 'Some aspects of the moral treatment of the insane up to 1854', Journal of Mental Science, c, No.421 (1954), 807-37

; E. Stern , 'Three notable nineteenth-century psychiatrists of Warwickshire', Journal of Mental Science, cvii, No.447 (1961), 187-93

; D. Leigh , The Historical Development of British Psychiatry, Vol. I, 18th and 19th Century (Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1961)

; R. Hunter and I. Macalpine , Introduction to John Conolly, An Inquiry Concerning the Indications of Insanity . Facsimile Edition ( London : Dawsons, 1964)

; R. Hunter and I. Macalpine , Introduction to John Conolly, Treatment of the Insane Without Mechanical Restraint . Facsimile Edition ( Folkstone : Dawsons, 1973)

; A. Scull , A Victorian Alienist: John Conolly, F.R.C.P., D. C. L. (1794-1866 , in W. F. Bynum , R. Porter , and M. Shepherd (eds), The Anatomy of Madness: Essays in the History of Psychiatry, Vol.I, People and Ideas (London; Tavistock Publications , 1985)

; E. Showalter , The Female Malady: Women, Madness and English Culture 1830-1980 ( London: Virago Press, 1987).

Hunter and Macalpine (1973), op. cit., xxxvi

1841 Census. Middlesex Pauper Lunatic Asylum. PRO, Chancery Lane. HO107\656\11.

John Conolly to Leonard Horner, 29 April 1831, Hunter and Macalpine unpublished papers. Conolly File. Cambridge University Library.

John Conolly: Will. Proved 30 April 1866. Principal Probate Registry, Somerset House.

Maudsley, op. cit., 161.

Clark, op. cit.

Hunter and Macalpine (1964), op. cit., 4.

Hunter and Macalpine (1964), op. cit., 4.

Sir John Collins: Will. Proved 23 June 1794. Public Records Office, Chancery Lane. PROB 11\1246.

The one exception is that Sir John Collins bequeathed his gold watch chain, seals and sword to his eldest son. The sword eventually came into the possession of Conolly's only son, Edward Tennyson. He in turn bequeathed it to his eldest son. (Edward Tennyson Conolly: Will. Witnessed 16 May 1908. National Archives, Wellington, New Zealand).

Elizabeth Collins; Baptismal Record. Portsmouth City Records Office. Chu 2\1A\7.

L. Stone , The Family, Sex and Marriage in England, 1500-1800 ( London : Penguin, 1979), 44.

L. Davidoff and C. Hall , Family Fortunes, Men and Women of the English Middle Class, 1780-1850 [4th ed.] (London: Routledge, 1994), 323.

Davidoff and Hall, op. cit., 323

J.F.C. Harrison , Early Victorian Britain, 1832-51 ( London: Fontana Press, 1988), 118.

John Stuart Mill quoted in L. Stone, The Family, Sex and Marriage in England, 1500-1800 (London: Penguin, 1979), 245.

Mr Stirling, Conolly's step-father, died in 1813. His mother died in 1816.

Cambridgeshire Regiment of Militia. Quarterly muster lists and regimental pay books. Public Records Office, Kew. WO\13\220-24.

Maudsley, op. cit., 161.

Maudsley, op. cit., 162.

Eliza's birth, on 16 April 1818, was registered at Saint-Cyr-Sur-Loire, near Tours on 18 April 1818.

Maudsley, op. cit., 162.

Maudsley, op. cit., 168.

Elizabeth Conolly; Register of Death. General Register Office. 1866, Westminster. 1a, 237.

1861 census. Hill Street, Knightsbridge. Public Records Office. RG\55, 26-30

M. Collie , Henry Maudsley: Victorian Psychiatrist. A Bibliographical Study ( Winchester: St Paul's Bibliographics, 1988).

Edward Jarvis to Almira Jarvis, 8 July 1860, Concord Free Library, Mass. Letter 82.

Harrison, op. cit., 116.

Hunter and Macalpine (1973), op. cit., xxxvi.

Scull, op. cit., 119, footnote 129.

1851 Census. Lawn house, Hanwell. Public Records Office. HO\107\1699,688.

1861 Census. Lawn House, Hanwell. Public Records Office. RG\9\781,114.

'Middle age settled into old age at about 45 years during the nineteenth century.' Smith, F.B. (1990), The People's Health 1830-1910 (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson), 316.

Smith, op. cit., 390.

Certificate of Marriage, 23 April 1842. General Register Office.

Hunter and Macalpine (1964: 5) record that Goodall missioned a station in China, information derived from Mrs Dorothy Purves, Conolly's great grand-daughter. However, Goodall's Will describes him as a retired chaplain from the Bombay Ecclesiastical Establishment. He left goods under £450, Eliza Goodall being entitled to a pension of £145 p.a. from the Bombay Military Fund.

Certificate of Marriage, 30 January 1866. General Register Office.

William Goodall: Will. Proved 10 June 1871. Somerset House, and note 45 above.

Certificate of Marriage, 11 December 1855. General Register Office.

The child, Kate Conolly, is recorded as having been born in England on 10 May 1850. E. T. Conolly Family Record. Marlborough Historical Society, Blenheim, New Zealand.

Ibid.

I.G.I. index. Buckinghamshire.

Certificate of Marriage, 28 January 1852. General Register Office.

1861 Census. Manor House, Chiswick. Public Records Office. RG\9\780.

J. Conolly , (1830) An Inquiry Concerning the Indications of Insanity Facsimile Edition (London: Dawsons , 1964), 443.

Conolly, 1830, op. cit., 443.

J. Conolly , 'On residences for the insane', Journal of Mental Science, v (1859 ), 412-13. Quoted in Scull, op. cit., 133.

J. Conolly , A Remonstrance with The Lord Chief Baron touching the case Nottidge versus Ripley. [2nd ed.] (London : Churchill, 1849), 4-6.

Scull, op. cit., 133. K. Jones , Asylums and After. A Revised History of the Mental Health Services: From the Early 18th Century to the 1900s (London: Athlone Press, 1993), 67-8.