R.R. Parker , A. Dutta, R. Barnes and T. Fleet, 'County of Lancaster Asylum, Rainhill: 100 years ago and now', History of Psychiatry, iv (1993 ), 95-105.
2.
P. Piezchniak and D. Murphy, 'Death of a hospital', Psychiatric Bulletin, xvi (1992), 482-4.
3.
C. Hartwell , 'Rainhill Hospital', Psychiatric Bulletin, xvii (1993), 113-14.
4.
R.W.K. Reeves , 'The last dance', Psychiatric Bulletin, xvii (1993), 293.
5.
R. Porter, 'History of psychiatry in Britain', History of Psychiatry , ii (1991), 271-9.
6.
L. Kanner, A History of the Care and Study of the Mentally Retarded ( Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas, 1964).
7.
R.C. Scheerenberger, A History of Mental Retardation (Baltimore, MA : Paul H. Brookes, 1982).
8.
A.H. Reid, 'Psychiatry and mental handicap: a historical perspective', Journal of Mental Deficiency Research, xxxiii (1989), 363-8.
9.
D.A. Primrose , 'The development of mental deficiency hospitals in Scotland', Health Bulletin, xxxv (1977), 63-65.
10.
D.A. Primrose , 'Changing sociological and clinical patterns in mental handicap. The 1983 Blake Marsh Lecture', British Journal of Psychiatry, xcliv (1984 ), 1-8.
11.
H.A. Skinner , The Origins of Medical Terms ( Baltimore, MA: Williams & Wilkins Company, 1961), 222.
12.
L. Kanner, A History of the Care and Study of the Mentally Retarded, 4-5.
13.
H.A. Skinner , The Origins of Medical Terms, 223.
14.
R.C. Scheerenberger , A History of Mental Retardation, 40-1.
15.
E. Esquirol , Mental Maladies: A Treatise on Insanity translated from the French, with additions , by E. K. Hunt (Philadelphia, PA: Lea & Blanchard, 1845).
16.
Ibid., 447.
17.
Ibid., 448.
18.
Ibid., 454.
19.
E. Séguin, Traitement moral, hygiène et iducation des idiots et des autres enfants arriérés (Paris: J. B. Bailliere , 1846).
20.
E. Séguin, Idiocy and its Treatment by the Physiological Method ( New York: William Wood, 1866).
21.
World Health Organisation, The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders: Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines (Geneva: World Health Organization, 1992).
22.
R. Hunter and I. Macalpine, Three Hundred Years of Psychiatry (London: Oxford University Press, 1963), 602-10.
23.
D.B. Weiner , 'Philippe Pinel's "Memoir on Madness" of December 11, 1794: a fundamental text of modern psychiatry', American Journal of Psychiatry, cxlix (1992 ), 725-32.
24.
Anonymous, 'Philippe Pinel (1745-1826) - Liberator of the insane', Journal of the American Medical Association, ccii (1967 ), 211-12.
25.
L. Kanner, 'Itard, Seguin, Howe - Three pioneers in the education of retarded children', American Journal of Mental Deficiency, lxvi (1960), 1-10.
26.
H. Holman, Seguin and His Physiological Method of Education ( London : Pitman, 1914).
27.
L. Kanner, A History of the Care and Study of the Mentally Retarded.
28.
R.C. Scheerenberger , A History of Mental Retardation.
29.
M.J. Wiener (ed.), 'Humanitarianism or control: a symposium on aspects of nineteenth-century social reform in Britain and America', Rice University Studies, 67 (1981).
30.
L. Kanner, A History of the Care and Study of the Mentally Retarded, 55.
31.
Anonymous, Cretins and Idiots. A Short Account of the Progress of the Institutions For Their Relief and Care (London: W. A. Wighton, 1853), 3.
32.
33.
L. Gaussen, The Abendberg, an Alpine Retreat Founded by Dr Guggenbühl for the Treatment of Infant Cretins. With an Introduction by John Coldstream. ( Edinburgh: W. P. Kennedy, 1848).
34.
R.C. Scheerenberger , A History of Mental Retardation, 72.
35.
L. Kanner, A History of the Care and Study of the Mentally Retarded, 87-8.
36.
Ibid., 103.
37.
J.L. Down, 'Observation on an ethnic classification of idiots', Journal of Mental Science, xiii ( 1867), 121-3.
38.
J.L. Down, 'Ethnic classification of idiots', Clinical Lecture Reports, London Hospital, 3 (1866 ),259-62.
39.
J. Fraser and A. Mitchell, 'Kalmuc idiocy: report of a case with autopsy and notes on 62 cases' , Journal of Mental Science, xxii ( 1876), 161-2, 169-79.
40.
W.W. Ireland, On Idiocy and Imbecility (London: J. & A. Churchill, 1877), 79, 203.
41.
F. von Recklinghausen, Verhandlungen der Berliner Geburtshülfe Gesellschaft ( 1863), 73.
42.
W. Tay, 'Symmetrical changes in the region of the yellow spot in each eye of an infant', Transactions of the Opthalmological Society of London, i (1881), 55.
43.
B.A. Sachs, 'Family form of idiocy, generally fatal, associated with early blindness ', Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases, xxiii (1896), 475-9.
44.
A. Binet and T. Simon, Mentally Defective Children translated from the French by B. Drummond (London: E. Arnold, 1907 ).
45.
J.D. Comrie , History of Scottish Medicine ( London: Baillière, Tindall & Cox, 1932), 464-71.
46.
R.C. Scheerenberger , A History of Mental Retardation, 144-5.
47.
A McNiven, 'The first commissioners: reform in Scotland in the mid-nineteenth century', Journal of Mental Science, cvi (1960), 451-71.
48.
J.D. Comrie , History of Scottish Medicine, 468.
49.
A McNiven, 'The first commissioners: reform in Scotland in the mid-nineteenth century', Journal of Mental Science, cvi (1960), 456-7.
50.
Ibid., 457.
51.
52.
A McNiven, 'The first commissioners: reform in Scotland in the mid-nineteenth century', Journal of Mental Science, cvi (1960), 453.
53.
D.K. Henderson , The Evolution of Psychiatry in Scotland (Edinburgh & London: E. and S. Livingstone Ltd., 1964), 98.
54.
R. Hunter and I. Macalpine, Psychiatry for the Poor. 1851 Colney Hatch Asylum: Friern Hospital 1973 (Folkestone, Kent: William Duncan & Sons Ltd., 1974), 65-67.
55.
W.L. Parry-Jones , 'The model of the Geel lunatic colony and its influence on the nineteenth-century asylum system in Britain'. In A. Scull (ed.), Madhouses, Mad-Doctors, and Madmen. The Social History of Psychiatry in the Victorian Era ( London: The Athlone Press, 1981), 201-17.
56.
Ibid., 211.
57.
D.K. Henderson , The Evolution of Psychiatry in Scotland, 49.
58.
Ibid., 101.
59.
L. Mills, Health Bulletin, 10 (1952 ), 1.
60.
J. Abercrombie , De Fatuitate Alpine (Edinburgh : A. McNeill, 1803).
61.
Encyclopaedia Edinensis: or Dictionary of Arts, Sciences and Literature, Vol. III (Edinburgh: J. Anderson, 1827), 216-19.
62.
D. Brodie, The Education of the Imbecile and the Improvement of Invalid Youth (Edinburgh: Home and School for Invalid and Imbecile Children, 10 Gayfield Square, Edinburgh, 1856 ), 6.
63.
Chambers's Edinburgh Journal, 615 (1843), 338-9.
64.
Chambers's Edinburgh Journal, 596 (1843), 188-9.
65.
W. Twining, Some Account of Cretinism, and the Institution for its Cure, on the Abendberg (London: 1843).
66.
L. Kanner, A History of the Care and Study of the Mentally Retarded, 55.
67.
J. Jancar, 'The history of mental handicap in Bristol and Bath (Part I)', Bristol Medico-Chirurgical Journal, ci (1986), 53-5, 63.
68.
J. Jancar, 'The history of mental handicap in Bristol and Bath (Part II)', Bristol Medico-Chirurgical Journal, ci (1986), 79-81.
69.
Chambers's Edinburgh Journal, New Series, 158 (1847), 20-2.
70.
Chambers's Edinburgh Journal, New Series, 161 (1847), 71-3.
71.
Chambers's Edinburgh Journal, New Series, 163 (1847), 105-7.
72.
Chambers's Edinburgh Journal, New Series, 193 (1847), 169-71.
73.
Chambers's Edinburgh Journal, New Series, 199 (1847), 262-5.
74.
Anonymous, Cretins and Idiots. A Short Account of the Progress of the Institutions For Their Relief and Care , 15.
75.
J. Coldstream , The Alpine Retreat of the Abendberg (Edinburgh: 1848).
76.
D. Brodie, The Education of the Imbecile and the Improvement of Invalid Youth , 14.
77.
78.
W. Millard, The Idiot and His Helpers (London: Simpkin, Marshall & Co. and Longman & Co., 1864 ),61.
79.
80.
First Annual Report of the General Board of Commissioners in Lunacy for Scotland (Edinburgh: HMSO, 1859), 62.
81.
82.
83.
Second Annual Report of the General Board of Commissioners in Lunacy for Scotland (Edinburgh: HMSO, 1860), 89.
84.
D.K. Henderson , The Evolution of Psychiatry in Scotland, 87-94.
85.
T. Walmsley , 'Psychiatry in Scotland'. In G. E. Berrios and H. Freeman (eds), 150 Years of British Psychiatry 1841-1991 (London: Gaskell, 1991 ), 300-2.
86.
J.D. Comrie , History of Scottish Medicine, 789-90.
87.
A. Macgregor , Public Health in Glasgow 1905-1946 ( Edinburgh: E. & S. Livingstone, 1967), 134.
88.
D. Brodie, The Education of the Imbecile and the Improvement of Invalid Youth , 16.
89.
Ibid., 15.
90.
Ibid., 16.
91.
Ibid., 17.
92.
Anonymous, The Imbecile and Their Training (Edinburgh: Johnston, Hunter & Co., 1861), 25.
93.
W. Millard, The Idiot and His Helpers, 56.
94.
95.
Anonymous, The Royal Scottish National Institution, Larbert. A Record of the Foundation, History and Growth of the Institution (Royal Scottish National Institution , 1939), 3. [A pamphlet published by the Institution to publicize its activities for the purposes of fundraising.]
96.
W. Millard, The Idiot and His Helpers, 58.
97.
First Report of the Committee of the Society for the Education of Imbecile Youth in Scotland, (Edinburgh, 1862).
98.
W. Millard, The Idiot and His Helpers, 58.
99.
Ibid., 58-9.
100.
Ibid.
101.
Third Report of the Committee of the Society for the Education of Imbecile Youth in Scotland (Edinburgh, 1864), 5.
102.
103.
Ibid.
104.
D.A. Primrose , 'Changing sociological and clinical patterns in mental handicap. The 1983 Blake Marsh Lecture', British Journal of Psychiatry, cxliv (1984 ), 2.
105.
Third Report of the Committee of the Society for the Education of Imbecile Youth in Scotland, 6.
106.
W.W. Ireland , A History Of The Siege of Delhi By An Officer Who Served There (Edinburgh: A. & C. Black, 1861).
107.
W.W. Ireland , The Blot Upon The Brain - Studies In History and Psychology (Edinburgh: Bell & Bradfute, 1855).
108.
W.W. Ireland , Through The Ivory Gate - Studies In Psychology and History (Edinburgh: Bell & Bradfute, 1889).
109.
'Obituary of William Wotherspoon Ireland', British Medical Journal, i (1909 ), 1334.
110.
'Obituary of William Wotherspoon Ireland', Lancet, i (1909), 1643-4.
111.
W.W. Ireland , On Idiocy and Imbecility.
112.
R.C. Scheerenberger , A History of Mental Retardation, 81-2.
113.
Ninth Report of the Scottish National Institution for the Education of Imbecile Children, Larbert, Stirlingshire (Edinburgh : 1865).
114.
D.A. Primrose , 'The development of mental deficiency hospitals in Scotland', Health Bulletin, xxxv (1977), 63-5.
115.
First Annual Report of the General Board of Control for Scotland (Glasgow: HMSO, 1915), li.
116.
D.A. Primrose , 'Changing sociological and clinical patterns in mental handicap. The 1983 Blake Marsh Lecture', British Journal of Psychiatry, cxlv (1984 ), 2.
117.
P. Ford and G. Ford, A Breviate of Parliamentary Papers 1900-1916 ( Shannon: Irish University Press, 1969), 291-4.
118.
119.
L. Kanner, A History of the Care and Study of the Mentally Retarded, 123.
120.
M. Craft, 'Classification, Criteria, Epidemiology and Causation'. In M. Craft (ed.), Tredgold's Mental Retardation12th Edition (London: Baillière Tindall, 1979), 4-5.
121.
R.C. Scheerenberger, A History of Mental Retardation, 174-5.
122.
Anonymous, The Royal Scottish National Institution, Larbert. A Record of the Foundation, History and Growth of the Institution, 7.
123.
The Scotsman, 5 June 1925. 'Feeble-minded children. What they do at Larbert'.
124.
Anonymous, The Royal Scottish National Institution, Larbert. A Record of the Foundation, History and Growth of the Institution, 9.
125.
Ibid., 9.
126.
127.
D.A. Primrose , 'The development of mental deficiency hospitals in Scotland', Health Bulletin, 35 (1977), 65.
128.
A. Macgregor , Public Health in Glasgow 1905-1946, 151.
129.
Ibid., 135.
130.
A.L. Ritchie , Lennox Castle Mental Defectives' Institution (Glasgow: City and Counties Publishing Co., Ltd., 1936).
131.
D.A. Primrose , 'The development of mental deficiency hospitals in Scotland', Health Bulletin, 35 (1977), 65.
132.
Eleventh Annual Report of the General Board of Control for Scotland (Edinburgh: HMSO, 1925), xlix.
133.
D.A. Primrose , 'The development of mental deficiency hospitals in Scotland', Health Bulletin, 35 (1977), 65.
134.
135.
W. Fraser , C. Preshaw, A.H. Sutherland and P. Dickens, 'The first eight years of a mental handicap service', Health Bulletin, 35 (1977), 66-70.
136.
D.A. Primrose , 'The development of mental deficiency hospitals in Scotland', Health Bulletin, 35 (1977), 65.
137.
138.
A. Craft and M. Craft, 'Personal relationships and partnerships for the mentally handicapped '. In M. Craft (ed.), Tredgold's Mental Retardation12th Edition ( London: Baillière Tindall, 1979), 361.
139.
C.H. Shaw and C.H. Wright, 'The married mental defective: a follow-up study', Lancet, i ( 1960), 273-4.
140.
J. Mattinson , Marriage and Mental Handicap, 2nd Edition (London: Institute of Marital Studies, The Tavistock Institute for Human Relations , 1975).
141.
H.M. Warnock , Special Education Needs. Report of the Committee of Enquiry into the Education of Handicapped Children and Young People (London: HMSO, 1978).
142.
D.A. Primrose , 'Changing sociological and clinical patterns in mental handicap. The 1983 Blake Marsh Lecture', British Journal of Psychiatry, cxliv (1984 ), 7.
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A. Scull, Museums of Madness (London: Allen Lane, 1979).
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A. Scull, 'Madness and segregative control: the rise of the insane asylum', Social Problems, xxiv ( 1977), 347.
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J.B. Thomas , 'The hereditary nature of crime', Journal of Mental Science, xv ( 1870), 487-98.
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147.
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B.A. Morel, Traité des dégénérescences physiques, intellectuelles et morales de l'espèce humaine, et des causes qui produisent ces variétés des maladies ( Paris: 1857).
149.
T.S. Clouston , The Neuroses of Development being the Morison Lectures for 1890 (Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd, 1891).
150.
J. Saunders , 'Quarantining the weak-minded: psychiatric definitions of degeneracy and the late-Victorian asylum', 277.
151.
C. Darwin, On the Origin of the Species by Means of Natural Selection, Or, The Preservation of Favoured Races In the Struggle For Life6th Edition (London: J. Murray1880).
152.
C. Darwin, The Descent of Man, and Selection In Relation To Sex. 2nd Edition (London: J. Murray1871).
153.
R. Dugdale, The Jukes: A Study in Crime, Pauperism, Disease and Heredity ( New York: G. P. Putnam, 1910).
154.
H. Goddard, The Kallikak Family: A Study in the Heredity of Feeblemindedness ( New York: MacMillan, 1912).
155.
L.L. Clark, Social Darwinism in France (Alabama: The University of Alabama Press, 1984), ix-x.
156.
J.R. Moore, The Post-Darwinian Controversies (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979), 160-1.
157.
L.L. Clark, Social Darwinism in France, 4.
158.
J.R. Moore, The Post-Darwinian Controversies, 160-1.
159.
M. Ruse, The Darwinian Revolution (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1979), 264.
160.
J.R. Moore, The Post-Darwinian Controversies, 161.
161.
L. Kanner, A History of the Care and Study of the Mentally Retarded, 128-38.
162.
J. Saunders , 'Quarantining the weak-minded: psychiatric definitions of degeneracy and the late-Victorian asylum', 273-4.
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165.
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